HYGIENE IN FOOD PROCESSING
INTRODUCTION PART I HYGIENE REGULATION THE REGULATION OF HYGIENE IN FOOD PROCESSING: AN INTRODUCTION RISK MANAGEMENT AND HACCP INTERNATIONAL HYGIENE REGULATION EUROPEAN HYGIENE REGULATION NATIONAL HYGIENE REGULATION: THE CASE OF SCANDINAVIA HYGIENE REGULATION IN THE EU HYGIENE REGULATION IN THE EU: KEY THEMES ENFORCEMENT OF HYGIENE REGULATIONS THE GENERAL FOOD HYGIENE DIRECTIVE (93/43/EEC) SPECIFIC (VERTICAL) HYGIENE DIRECTIVES APPLICABLE TO PARTICULAR FOODSTUFFS CASE STUDY: CONTROVERSY OVER MINCED MEAT (AND MEAT PREPARATIONS) FUTURE TRENDS SOURCES OF FURTHER INFORMATION AND ADVICE REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY HYGIENE REGULATION IN THE UNITED STATES THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA) REGULATION IN PRACTICE: THE CASE OF DAIRY PROCESSING INSPECTION IN THE DAIRY INDUSTRY REGULATION OF PARTICULAR PROCESSES REGULATION OF EQUIPMENT: THE 3-A SANITARY STANDARDS REGULATION OF THE MEAT AND SEAFOOD INDUSTRIES TRENDS IN US REGULATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PART II HYGIENIC DESIGN SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION PHYSICAL CONTAMINANTS CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION: THE CASE OF E COLI REFERENCES HYGIENIC PLANT DESIGN THE FACTORY SITE THE FACTORY BUILDING GENERAL DESIGN ISSUES FOR THE FACTORY INTERIOR WALLS CEILINGS FLOORS DRAINAGE SERVICES INTERNAL BARRIERS SEPARATING MANUFACTURING PROCESSES HIGH-RISK AREAS CONTROL OF AIRBORNE CONTAMINATION INTRODUCTION: WHY CONTROL OF AIRBORNE CONTAMINATION IS IMPORTANT IN FOOD PRODUCTION SOURCES OF AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS DUST CONTROL ENVIRONMENTAL AIR QUALITY CONTROL PROCESS AIR CONTROL AIR DISINFECTION SYSTEMS HYGIENIC EQUIPMENT DESIGN INTRODUCTION: KEY CRITERIA IN HYGIENIC DESIGN RISK ASSESSMENT IN EQUIPMENT DESIGN REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR HYGIENIC EQUIPMENT DESIGN: THE EU DRAINABILITY MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION SURFACE FINISH CORNERS, CREVICES AND DEAD SPACES WELDS AND JOINTS FASTENERS SEALS SHAFT ENDS DOORS, COVERS AND PANELS RIMS CONVEYOR BELTS EQUIPMENT CONTROLS AND INSTRUMENTATION EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION INSULATION AND CLADDING EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND LUBRICANTS METALS PASSIVATION OF STAINLESS STEEL PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES ELASTOMERS LUBRICANTS OTHER MATERIALS PIPING SYSTEMS, SEALS AND VALVES MATERIALS SURFACES WELDING PIPE COUPLINGS VALVES MIXPROOF VALVES FURTHER READING APPENDIX A: DETERMINATION FACTORS FOR WATER FLOW VELOCITY (C) AND FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE (H) IN STRAIGHT PIPELINES PER 100 M APPENDIX B: PRESSURE DROP VALUES FOR FITTINGS IN METRE EQUIVALENT PIPE LENGTHS CLEANING IN PLACE PRINCIPLES OF CIP SYSTEMS CLEANING TANKS AVOIDING PRODUCT CONTAMINATION TYPES OF CIP SYSTEM CENTRALISED/DECENTRALISED CIP SYSTEMS AND AUTOMATION VERIFICATION AND CERTIFICATION OF HYGIENIC DESIGN TESTING PASTEURISABILITY, STERILISABILITY AND BACTERIAL TIGHTNESS TESTING CLEANABILITY PARTICULAR TESTS FOR CLEANABILITY CERTIFICATION OF EQUIPMENT IN EUROPE: THE EHEDG CERTIFICATION OF EQUIPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES: THE 3-A SYMBOL COUNCIL PART III HYGIENE PRACTICES CLEANING AND DISINFECTION INTRODUCTION: PRINCIPLES CLEANING CHEMICALS DISINFECTANTS TESTING DISINFECTANTS WATER QUALITY APPLYING DETERGENTS AND DISINFECTANTS OTHER DISINFECTION TECHNIQUES SANITATION PROGRAMMES MANAGING SANITATION PROGRAMMES 13 10 ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A SANITATION PROGRAMME 13 11 REFERENCES DETECTING TAINTS FROM CLEANING AND DISINFECTING AGENTS CLEANING AND DISINFECTING AGENTS TESTING THE SAFETY OF CLEANING AND DISINFECTING AGENTS TESTING CLEANING AND DISINFECTING AGENTS FOR THEIR CAPACITY TO CAUSE TAINTS DETECTING CLEANING AND DISINFECTING AGENTS IN RINSE WATER DETECTING CLEANING AND DISINFECTING AGENTS IN FOOD MEASUREMENT OF CHLOROFORM PERSONAL HYGIENE INTRODUCTION: SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION DIRECT AND INDIRECT ROUTES OF CONTAMINATION CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION: MEDICAL SCREENING PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES HAND HYGIENE TRAINING CONTROL OF INDIRECT CONTAMINATION FROM PEOPLE HYGIENE AND FOREIGN BODIES MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR PREVENTING FOREIGN BODY HAZARDS GENERAL METHODS FOR PREVENTING THE OCCURRENCE OF FOREIGN BODIES DETECTION SYSTEMS FOR FOREIGN BODIES EQUIPMENT FOR SEPARATION OF FOREIGN BODIES CONCLUSION PEST CONTROL: INSECTS AND MITES THE SPREAD OF PESTS PHYSICAL CONTROL OF PESTS CHEMICAL CONTROL OF PESTS BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PESTS THREATS TO SUCCESSFUL CONTROL