X-RADIOGRAPHY OF TEXTILES, DRESS AND RELATED OBJECTS
PART 1: TEXTILE X-RADIOGRAPHY 1 INTRODUCTION THE CATALYST FOR THIS BOOK THE HISTORY OF TEXTILE RADIOGRAPHY RADIOGRAPHY AT THE TEXTILE CONSERVATION CENTRE IMAGING TEXTILES USING MAMMOGRAPHY DEVELOPING PRACTICE NOTES REFERENCES 2 PRINCIPLES OF X-RADIOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION X-RAYS AND THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM PROPERTIES OF X-RAYS PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS CONVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY OPTIMISING IMAGE QUALITY VIEWING ?LM RADIOGRAPHS WORKING WITH ?LM RADIOGRAPHS STORAGE AND ARCHIVE OF RADIOGRAPHIC ?LMS SUMMARY NOTE 3 HIGH DE?NITION X-RADIOGRAPHY OF TEXTILES: METHODS AND APPROACHES WHY TEXTILES SEEM DIF?CULT TO X-RAY LOW ENERGY HIGH DE?NITION RADIOGRAPHY CHOOSING X-RAY EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES PRACTICAL APPROACHES TO TEXTILE RADIOGRAPHY DETERMINING CORRECT EXPOSURE PARAMETERS THIN HOMOGENEOUS TEXTILES LAYERED AND MORE COMPLEX TEXTILE OBJECTS THICKER TEXTILES HETEROGENEOUS TEXTILES MIXED-MEDIA OBJECTS X-RAYING ‘SPECIAL NEEDS’ TEXTILES SPECIAL RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES 4 TEXTILE X-RADIOGRAPHY AND DIGITAL IMAGING DIGITAL VERSUS ANALOGUE COMPONENTS OF A DIGITAL IMAGE STORAGE OF DIGITAL IMAGES DIGITAL IMAGE CAPTURE DIRECT AND COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY CR AND TEXTILE RADIOGRAPHY DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 5 IMAGE INTERPRETATION NEGATIVE IMAGES INTERPRETATION BASICS CHARACTERISTIC IMAGES EFFECT OF EXPOSURE ON IMAGE INTERPRETATION IMAGE ARTEFACTS CONTENTS 6 ASSESSING THE RISKS OF X-RADIOGRAPHY TO TEXTILES COLOUR DATING DNA ORGANIC TEXTILE ?BRES AND DYES X-RAY ANALYSIS TESTING RADIOGRAPHED SILK SAMPLES 7 RADIATION SAFETY MYTHS AND LEGENDS JUSTI?CATION, OPTIMISATION AND LIMITATION UNITED KINGDOM IONISING RADIATIONS REGULATIONS RADIATION AND RISK PUTTING RISK IN PERSPECTIVE PRACTICAL RADIATION PROTECTION RADIATION MONITORING CONCLUSION ACRONYMS PART 2: EXPLORING THE X-RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF TEXTILE OBJECTS 8 MATERIALS FIBRES FILLINGS SUPPORTS, STAYS AND SUBSTRUCTURES MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS 9 THREADS, FABRICS AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES YARNS AND THREADS CORDS AND PLAITS WOVEN TEXTILE STRUCTURES NON-WOVEN STRUCTURES CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES OTHER CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND MATERIALS 10 SURFACE DECORATION PAINTED AND PRINTED TEXTILES UNDERDRAWING APPLIQUÉ AND EMBROIDERY METAL THREADS UNUSUAL MATERIALS USED FOR SURFACE DECORATION 11 MAKERS AND MAKING, DEGRADATION AND REPAIR MAKERS AND MAKING DEGRADATION USE AND WEAR REUSE, REPAIR AND CONSERVATION PART 3: CASE STUDIES INTRODUCTION 12 EVALUATING X-RADIOGRAPHY AS A TOOL FOR EXAMINING UPHOLSTERED FURNITURE PRACTICAL CHALLENGES TO THE RADIOGRAPHY OF HISTORIC UPHOLSTERED SEAT FURNITURE RADIOGRAPHY FOR DOCUMENTATION: CASE STUDY OF AN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY UPHOLSTERED CHAIR RADIOGRAPHY AS A COMPLEMENT TO PHOTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE: CASE STUDY OF THE SEEHOF SUITE INTERPRETATION OF THE X-RAY IMAGES WHAT IS NOT REVEALED BY RADIOGRAPHY: CASE STUDY OF THE AUDLEY END SETTEE INVESTIGATION OF A PORTABLE MEDICAL FACILITY FOR OBJECT EXAMINATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CONTENTS 13 THE USE OF X-RADIOGRAPHY IN THE TEXTILE CONSERVATION LABORATORY, OPI?CIO DELLE PIETRE DURE, FLORENCE: METHODOLOGICAL, TECHNICAL AND RESEARCH APPROACHES TOWARDS A NON-INVASIVE INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUE INTRODUCTION: CONCEPTS AND ISSUES SELECTING APPROPRIATE ANALYTICAL APPROACHES RADIOGRAPHY APPLIED TO TEXTILES: TECHNICAL ISSUES RADIOGRAPHY OF LARGE TEXTILES THE USE OF RADIOGRAPHY AT THE OPI?CIO DELLE PIETRE DURE PILOT STUDY OF THE USE OF RADIOGRAPHY IN TEXTILE CONSERVATION: CASE STUDY OF A CHASUBLE CASE STUDY: A CHINESE SCREEN CASE STUDY: A ?FTEENTH CENTURY VELVET FRAGMENT FROM A NINETEENTH CENTURY COLLECTION CASE STUDY: A MITRE CASE STUDY: DRESSED STATUE CASE STUDY: WAX SCULPTURE DORMITIO VIRGINI (‘THE DEATH OF THE VIRGIN’) DISCUSSION 14 THE ROLE OF X-RADIOGRAPHY IN THE DOCUMENTATION AND INVESTIGATION OF AN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY MULTI-LAYERED STOMACHER THE NETHER WALLOP CACHE THE PRACTICE OF CONCEALMENT: A CONTEXTUAL FRAMEWORK THE STOMACHER RATIONALE FOR RESEARCH GENERAL AIMS OF PROJECT SPECI?C OBJECTIVES OF X-RAY EXAMINATION METHODOLOGY INTERPRETATION OF THE RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGES MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PATTERNS OF USE PATTERNS OF DEGRADATION 15 HIDDEN STRUCTURES: THE USE OF X-RADIOGRAPHY IN THE FASHION GALLERY AT SNIBSTON DISCOVERY PARK, LEICESTERSHIRE THE FASHION GALLERY, SNIBSTON DISCOVERY PARK HIDDEN STRUCTURES SELECTING OBJECTS FOR RADIOGRAPHIC DISPLAY IMAGES CHOSEN OBJECTS AND RADIOGRAPHS FEEDBACK AND EVALUATION 16 X-RADIOGRAPHY OF A KNITTED SILK STOCKING WITH METAL THREAD EMBROIDERY THE STOCKING CONDITION RADIOGRAPHY WHAT THE RADIOGRAPHY REVEALED ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCE 17 A CHALICE VEIL REDISCOVERED DESCRIPTION EVIDENCE FROM RADIOGRAPHY 18 THE USE OF X-RADIOGRAPHY IN THE ANALYSIS AND CONSERVATION DOCUMENTATION OF A SET OF SEVENTEENTH CENTURY HANGING WALL POCKETS THE HANGING WALL POCKETS CONTENTS MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION CONDITION BEFORE TREATMENT INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM THE RADIOGRAPHY EMBROIDERY TECHNIQUES DAMAGE AND REPAIR 19 ‘IN NEEDLE WORKS THERE DOTH GREAT KNOWLEDGE REST’: THE CONTRIBUTION OF X-RADIOGRAPHY TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF SEVENTEENTH CENTURY ENGLISH EMBROIDERIES FROM THE ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM OF ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY, OXFORD RADIOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES THE CONTRIBUTION OF RADIOGRAPHY TO UNDERSTANDING MATERIALS, CONDITION AND CONSTRUCTION 20 X-RADIOGRAPHY OF DOLLS AND TOYS MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURE OF EUROPEAN DOLLS: A BRIEF OVERVIEW THE VALUE OF RADIOGRAPHY FOR CURATION AND CONSERVATION SUMMARY OF RADIOGRAPHY METHODS INFORMATION FROM RADIOGRAPHY 21 X-RADIOGRAPHY OF TEDDY BEARS AND OTHER TEXTILE ARTEFACTS AT THE VICTORIA & ALBERT MUSEUM EARLY RADIOGRAPHY OF TEXTILES AND DOLLS AT THE VICTORIA & ALBERT MUSEUM RADIOGRAPHY OF TEDDY BEARS TAKING AND INTERPRETING RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGES STUF?NGS, SQUEAKERS AND STRUCTURES CONSTRUCTION AND ASSEMBLY METHODS THREADS AND FABRICS 22 X-RADIOGRAPHY OF PATCHWORK AND QUILTS QUILTING AND PATCHWORK: A BRIEF OVERVIEW SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR RADIOGRAPHY OF QUILTS AND COVERLETS BENE?TS OF RADIOGRAPHY 23 REVEALING THE LAYERS: THE X-RADIOGRAPHY OF EIGHTEENTH CENTURY SHOES AT HAMPSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL MUSEUMS AND ARCHIVES SERVICE RADIOGRAPHY AT HCCMAS FILMS AND PROCESSING SELECTION OF SHOES FOR RADIOGRAPHY CONSTRUCTION OF HEELS STITCHING GENERAL CONSTRUCTION 24 THE CONTRIBUTION OF X-RADIOGRAPHY TO THE CONSERVATION AND STUDY OF TEXTILE/LEATHER COMPOSITE ARCHAEOLOGICAL FOOTWEAR RECOVERED FROM THE NORWEGIAN ARCTIC HISTORY OF RUSSIAN POMOR HUNTING ACTIVITIES ON SVALBARD CONTENTS CONTENTS THE BURIAL ENVIRONMENT ON WEST SPITSBERGEN, SVALBARD THE RUSSEKEILA SITE THE ARTEFACTS AND THEIR RECOVERY THE FOOTWEAR RECOVERED AT RUSSEKEILA RADIOGRAPHY OF THE FOOTWEAR RESULTS AND IMPLICATIONS CONSERVATION STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION RUSSIAN POMOR TEXTILE/LEATHER COMPOSITE ARCHAEOLOGICAL FOOTWEAR REVISITED 25 CONTROLLED LIFTING AND X-RADIOGRAPHY OF GOLD THREADS FROM ANCIENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL TEXTILES THE SPITAL?ELDS ROMAN SARCOPHAGUS TEXTILE ?NDS THE PRITTLEWELL ANGLO-SAXON CHAMBER-GRAVE TEXTILE ?NDS CONCLUSIONS 26 X-RADIOGRAPHY OF ETHNOGRAPHIC OBJECTS AT THE HORNIMAN MUSEUM RADIOGRAPHY EQUIPMENT AND METHODS USED AT THE HORNIMAN MUSEUM TEXTILE ELEMENTS IN ETHNOGRAPHIC ARTEFACTS THE CONSERVATION BENE?TS OF RADIOGRAPHY FOR ETHNOGRAPHIC ARTEFACTS WITH TEXTILE COMPONENTS: TWO CASE STUDIES THE ETHICS OF RADIOGRAPHY 27 THE USE OF X-RADIOGRAPHY IN THE CONSERVATION TREATMENT AND REINTERPRETATION OF AN INCOMPLETE MUSETTE MUSETTE THE HORNIMAN MUSEUM MUSETTE TREATMENT PROPOSAL AND THE ROLE OF RADIOGRAPHY RADIOGRAPHIC PROCEDURES INTERPRETING THE RADIOGRAPHS IMPACT OF RADIOGRAPHY ON THE TREATMENT AND INTERPRETATION OF THE MUSETTE 28 X-RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF A HISTORIC MANNEQUIN ON DISPLAY IN EDINBURGH CASTLE, SCOTLAND HISTORY OF THE MANNEQUINS BACKGROUND TO THE PROJECTS PURPOSES OF RADIOGRAPHY RADIOGRAPHIC PROCEDURE AND EQUIPMENT INTERPRETATION OF THE RADIOGRAPHS EVIDENCE FOR DATING 29 X-RADIOGRAPHY OF REMBRANDT’S PAINTINGS ON CANVAS EDITORS’ NOTE REMBRANDT’S OIL PAINTINGS ON CANVAS OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH INTO CANVAS SUPPORTS RADIOGRAPHS AS A MEANS OF STUDYING CANVAS RESEARCH METHODS AND RESULTS CHARACTERISTICS OF CANVASES BY, OR ATTRIBUTED TO, REMBRANDT