INTRODUCTORY STATISTICS

By E. PATIS

CONTENTS BASICS FIRST STEPS AN OVERGROWN CALCULATOR ASSIGNMENTS VECTORIZED ARITHMETIC STANDARD PROCEDURES GRAPHICS R LANGUAGE ESSENTIALS EXPRESSIONS AND OBJECTS FUNCTIONS AND ARGUMENTS VECTORS QUOTING AND ESCAPE SEQUENCES MISSING VALUES FUNCTIONS THAT CREATE VECTORS MATRICES AND ARRAYS FACTORS LISTS 1210 DATA FRAMES 1211 INDEXING 1212 CONDITIONAL SELECTION 1213 INDEXING OF DATA FRAMES 1214 GROUPED DATA AND DATA FRAMES 1215 IMPLICIT LOOPS 1216 SORTING EXERCISES THE R ENVIRONMENT SESSION MANAGEMENT THE WORKSPACE TEXTUAL OUTPUT SCRIPTING GETTING HELP PACKAGES BUILT-IN DATA ATTACH AND DETACH SUBSET, TRANSFORM, AND WITHIN THE GRAPHICS SUBSYSTEM PLOT LAYOUT BUILDING A PLOT FROM PIECES USING PAR COMBINING PLOTS R PROGRAMMING FLOW CONTROL CLASSES AND GENERIC FUNCTIONS DATA ENTRY READING FROM A TEXT ?LE FURTHER DETAILS ON READTABLE THE DATA EDITOR INTERFACING TO OTHER PROGRAMS PROBABILITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS RANDOM SAMPLING PROBABILITY CALCULATIONS AND COMBINATORICS DISCRETE DISTRIBUTIONS CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTIONS THE BUILT-IN DISTRIBUTIONS IN R DENSITIES CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS QUANTILES RANDOM NUMBERS DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND GRAPHICS SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR A SINGLE GROUP GRAPHICAL DISPLAY OF DISTRIBUTIONS HISTOGRAMS EMPIRICAL CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION Q–Q PLOTS BOXPLOTS SUMMARY STATISTICS BY GROUPS GRAPHICS FOR GROUPED DATA PARALLEL BOXPLOTS STRIPCHARTS TABLES GENERATING TABLES MARGINAL TABLES AND RELATIVE FREQUENCY GRAPHICAL DISPLAY OF TABLES BARPLOTS DOTCHARTS PIECHARTS ONE- AND TWO-SAMPLE TESTS ONE-SAMPLE T TEST WILCOXON SIGNED-RANK TEST TWO-SAMPLE T TEST COMPARISON OF VARIANCES TWO-SAMPLE WILCOXON TEST THE PAIRED T TEST THE MATCHED-PAIRS WILCOXON TEST REGRESSION AND CORRELATION SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION RESIDUALS AND ?TTED VALUES PREDICTION AND CON?DENCE BANDS CORRELATION PEARSON CORRELATION SPEARMAN’S ? KENDALL’S ? ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AND THE KRUSKAL–WALLIS TEST ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE PAIRWISE COMPARISONS AND MULTIPLE TESTING RELAXING THE VARIANCE ASSUMPTION GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION BARTLETT’S TEST KRUSKAL–WALLIS TEST TWO-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE GRAPHICS FOR REPEATED MEASUREMENTS THE FRIEDMAN TEST THE ANOVA TABLE IN REGRESSION ANALYSIS TABULAR DATA SINGLE PROPORTIONS TWO INDEPENDENT PROPORTIONS K PROPORTIONS, TEST FOR TREND R × C TABLES POWER AND THE COMPUTATION OF SAMPLE SIZE THE PRINCIPLES OF POWER CALCULATIONS POWER OF ONE-SAMPLE AND PAIRED T TESTS POWER OF TWO-SAMPLE T TEST APPROXIMATE METHODS POWER OF COMPARISONS OF PROPORTIONS TWO-SAMPLE PROBLEMS ONE-SAMPLE PROBLEMS AND PAIRED TESTS COMPARISON OF PROPORTIONS 10 ADVANCED DATA HANDLING RECODING VARIABLES 1011 THE CUT FUNCTION 1012 MANIPULATING FACTOR LEVELS 1013 WORKING WITH DATES 1014 RECODING MULTIPLE VARIABLES CONDITIONAL CALCULATIONS COMBINING AND RESTRUCTURING DATA FRAMES 1031 APPENDING FRAMES 1032 MERGING DATA FRAMES 1033 RESHAPING DATA FRAMES PER-GROUP AND PER-CASE PROCEDURES TIME SPLITTING 11 MULTIPLE REGRESSION PLOTTING MULTIVARIATE DATA MODEL SPECI?CATION AND OUTPUT MODEL SEARCH 12 LINEAR MODELS POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION REGRESSION THROUGH THE ORIGIN DESIGN MATRICES AND DUMMY VARIABLES LINEARITY OVER GROUPS INTERACTIONS TWO-WAY ANOVA WITH REPLICATION ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE 1271 GRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION 1272 COMPARISON OF REGRESSION LINES DIAGNOSTICS 13 LOGISTIC REGRESSION GENERALIZED LINEAR MODELS LOGISTIC REGRESSION ON TABULAR DATA 1321 THE ANALYSIS OF DEVIANCE TABLE 1322 CONNECTION TO TEST FOR TREND LIKELIHOOD PRO?LING PRESENTATION AS ODDS-RATIO ESTIMATES LOGISTIC REGRESSION USING RAW DATA PREDICTION MODEL CHECKING 14 SURVIVAL ANALYSIS ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS SURVIVAL OBJECTS KAPLAN–MEIER ESTIMATES THE LOG-RANK TEST THE COX PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODEL 15 RATES AND POISSON REGRESSION BASIC IDEAS 1511 THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION 1512 SURVIVAL ANALYSIS WITH CONSTANT HAZARD FITTING POISSON MODELS COMPUTING RATES MODELS WITH PIECEWISE CONSTANT INTENSITIES 16 NONLINEAR CURVE ?TTING BASIC USAGE FINDING STARTING VALUES SELF-STARTING MODELS PRO?LING FINER CONTROL OF THE ?TTING ALGORITHM