BIOSTATISTICS: A METHODOLOGY FOR THE HEALTH SCIENCES
CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOSTATISTICS 2 BIOSTATISTICAL DESIGN OF MEDICAL STUDIES 3 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 4 STATISTICAL INFERENCE: POPULATIONS AND SAMPLES 5 ONE- AND TWO-SAMPLE INFERENCE 6 COUNTING DATA 7 CATEGORICAL DATA: CONTINGENCY TABLES 8 NONPARAMETRIC, DISTRIBUTION-FREE, AND PERMUTATION MODELS: ROBUST PROCEDURES 9 ASSOCIATION AND PREDICTION: LINEAR MODELS WITH ONE PREDICTOR VARIABLE 10 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 11 ASSOCIATION AND PREDICTION: MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS AND LINEAR MODELS WITH MULTIPLE PREDICTOR VARIABLES 12 MULTIPLE COMPARISONS 13 DISCRIMINATION AND CLASSI?CATION 14 PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS AND FACTOR ANALYSIS 15 RATES AND PROPORTIONS 16 ANALYSIS OF THE TIME TO AN EVENT: SURVIVAL ANALYSIS 17 SAMPLE SIZES FOR OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES 18 LONGITUDINAL DATA ANALYSIS 19 RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS 20 PERSONAL POSTSCRIPT C H A P T E R WHAT IS THE FIELD OF STATISTICS? MUCH OF THE JOY AND GRIEF IN LIFE ARISES IN SITUATIONS THAT INVOLVE CONSIDERABLE UNCERTAINTY HERE ARE A FEW SUCH SITUATIONS: 1 PARENTS OF A CHILD WITH A GENETIC DEFECT CONSIDER WHETHER OR NOT THEY SHOULD HAVE ANOTHER CHILD THEY WILL BASE THEIR DECISION ON THE CHANCE THAT THE NEXT CHILD WILL HAVE THE SAME DEFECT 2 TO CHOOSE THE BEST THERAPY, A PHYSICIAN MUST COMPARE THE PROGNOSIS, OR FUTURE COURSE, OF A PATIENT UNDER SEVERAL THERAPIES A THERAPY MAY BE A SUCCESS, A FAILURE, OR SOMEWHERE IN BETWEEN; THE EVALUATION OF THE CHANCE OF EACH OCCURRENCE NECESSARILY ENTERS INTO THE DECISION 3 IN AN EXPERIMENT TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER A FOOD ADDITIVE IS CARCINOGENIC (I E , CAUSES OR AT LEAST ENHANCES THE POSSIBILITY OF HAVING CANCER), THE U S FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION HAS ANIMALS TREATED WITH AND WITHOUT THE ADDITIVE OFTEN, CANCER WILL DEVELOP IN BOTH THE TREATED AND UNTREATED GROUPS OF ANIMALS IN BOTH GROUPS THERE WILL BE ANIMALS THAT DO GOALS OF THIS BOOK SUPPOSE THAT WE WANTED TO LEARN SOMETHING ABOUT DRUGS; WE CAN THINK OF FOUR DIFFERENT LEVELS OF KNOWLEDGE AT THE ?RST LEVEL, A PERSON MAY MERELY KNOW THAT DRUGS ACT CHEMICALLY WHEN INTRODUCED INTO THE BODY AND PRODUCE MANY DIFFERENT EFFECTS A SECOND, HIGHER LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE IS TO KNOW THAT A SPECI?C DRUG IS GIVEN IN CERTAIN SITUATIONS, BUT WE HAVE NO IDEA WHY THE PARTICULAR DRUG WORKS WE DO NOT KNOW WHETHER A DRUG MIGHT BE USEFUL IN A SITUATION THAT WE HAVE NOT YET SEEN AT THE NEXT, THIRD LEVEL, WE HAVE A GOOD IDEA WHY THINGS WORK AND ALSO KNOW HOW TO ADMINISTER DRUGS AT THIS LEVEL WE DO NOT HAVE COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF ALL THE BIOCHEMICAL PRINCIPLES INVOLVED, BUT WE DO HAVE CONSIDERABLE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE ACTIVITY AND WORKINGS OF THE DRUG FINALLY, AT THE FOURTH AND HIGHEST LEVEL, WE HAVE DETAILED KNOWLEDGE OF ALL OF THE INTERACTIONS OF THE DRUG; WE KNOW THE CURRENT RESEARCH THIS LEVEL IS APPROPRIATE FOR RESEARCHERS: THOSE SEEKING STATISTICAL PROBLEMS IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH