RADIATION PROTECTION AND RECOVERY
CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION FORMULATING RESPONSES TO NUCLEAR OR RADIOLOGICAL INCIDENTS LATE-PHASE RECOVERY: A CHALLENGING JOURNEY TO RESUME NORMAL LIFE OPTIMIZING DECISION MAKING: A FRAMEWORK AND PROCESS STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT IN DECISION MAKING MANAGING LONG-TERM CONTAMINATION PATH FORWARD AND RECOMMENDATIONS 2 INTRODUCTION PURPOSE TARGET AUDIENCES SCOPE APPROACH TO OPTIMIZATION LATE-PHASE RECOVERY CONSIDERATIONS PRINCIPLE OF OPTIMIZATION OF RADIATION PROTECTION: APPROACH AND IMPLEMENTATION LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST INCIDENTS RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER NCRP DOCUMENTS REPORT STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR HISTORIC NUCLEAR OR RADIOLOGICAL INCIDENTS ACCIDENTS ASSOCIATED WITH NUCLEAR FACILITIES MAYAK NUCLEAR FACILITIES ACCIDENT: THE KYSHTYM ACCIDENT (1957) CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR REACTOR ACCIDENT (1986) INCIDENTS INVOLVING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS: THE GOIÂNIA RADIOLOGICAL ACCIDENT (1987) NUCLEAR OR RADIOLOGICAL INCIDENTS FROM TERRORIST ACTS RADIOLOGICAL AND NUCLEAR TERRORISM RADIOLOGICAL DISPERSAL DEVICES IMPROVISED NUCLEAR DEVICES INCIDENT PROGRESSION AND RADIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS INCIDENTS ASSOCIATED WITH AN RDD 33211 RADIOACTIVE SOURCES 33212 BETA-PARTICLE/GAMMA-RAY SOURCES 33213 ALPHA-PARTICLE SOURCES 33214 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS AND BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH RADIONUCLIDES 33215 DISPERSAL CHARACTERISTICS INCIDENTS ASSOCIATED WITH AN IND 33221 RADIONUCLIDE CONCERNS 33222 FALLOUT CHARACTERISTICS MAGNITUDE OF RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION INCIDENT PHASES FOR RESPONSE AND RECOVERY PHASES OF INCIDENTS SHORT-TERM PHASE CONTRASTED WITH THE EARLY PHASE INTERMEDIATE PHASE CONTRASTED WITH THE INTERMEDIATE PHASE LONG-TERM PHASE CONTRASTED WITH THE LATE PHASE PROTECTIVE ACTIONS PROTECTIVE ACTION GUIDES EARLY-PHASE PROTECTION ACTION GUIDES INTERMEDIATE-PHASE PAGS LATE-PHASE SITE-SPECIFIC OPTIMIZATION 4 DECISION FRAMEWORK IN LATE-PHASE RECOVERY LATE-PHASE RECOVERY OBJECTIVE OF RECOVERY LATE-PHASE CONSIDERATIONS RESILIENCE OF RECOVERY KEY ISSUES IN LATE-PHASE RECOVERY ISSUES AFFECTING THE SOCIETY ISSUES RELATED TO RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION ADDRESSING A MULTITUDE OF RADIOLOGICAL ISSUES MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE 42221 ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH EXISTING SYSTEMS FOR MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE 42222 UNIQUE NEED FOR TEMPORARY STORAGE OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE AFTER MAJOR INCIDENTS 42223 CONSIDERATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE GENERATED FROM MATERIALS OUTSIDE OF ATOMIC ENERGY ACT PROCESSES AND ACTIVITIES MANAGEMENT OF COMMODITIES AND DRINKING WATER LONG-TERM ISSUES AND MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS SITE-SPECIFIC OPTIMIZATION FRAMEWORK IN DECISION MAKING BASIS OF DECISION MAKING PRINCIPLE OF OPTIMIZATION OPTIMIZATION PROCESS GUIDANCE ON OPTIMIZATION LONG-TERM MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT CLEANUP CRITERIA AND STANDARDS STEPS TOWARD LONG-TERM RECOVERY RECOVERY PLANNING PRE-INCIDENT RECOVERY PLANNING POST-INCIDENT RECOVERY PLANNING REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATION 5 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE OPTIMIZATION FRAMEWORK FOR DECISION MAKING ROLE OF OPTIMIZATION IN THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS DECISION TEAM TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP STAKEHOLDER WORKING GROUP EVALUATING SOCIETAL NEEDS ACCEPTANCE OF DECISIONS DEFINING POST INCIDENT CONDITIONS CHARACTERIZING CONTAMINATION DEFINING THE AFFECTED AREA ESSENTIAL SERVICES IDENTIFYING LAND USE UNDERSTANDING DEMOGRAPHICS ASSESS IMPACT CHARACTERIZING RISKS INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY COMMERCIAL PROPERTY RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY SITE-SPECIFIC CONDITIONS DATA AND INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT TOOLS ESTABLISH GOALS AND IDENTIFY OPTIONS ESTABLISHING GOALS VARIETY OF GOALS LONG-TERM HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IDENTIFYING OPTIONS OPTIONS FOR INHABITED AREAS SHIELDING OPTIONS TYPES OF SHIELDING REMOVAL OPTIONS SELF-HELP ACTIONS DECISION NOT TO IMPLEMENT ANY RECOVERY OPTIONS OPTIONS FOR FOOD PRODUCTION AND DRINKING WATER SUPPLIES 54271 INTERVENTION ALONG THE SOIL-TO-PLANT PATHWAY 54272 INTERVENTION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 54273 INTERVENTION IN DRINKING WATER SUPPLIES 54274 REASSURANCE WASTE DISPOSAL OPTIONS OPTIONS FOR FOREST AREAS EVALUATING OPTIONS TECHNICAL APPROACHES TO SUPPORTING DECISION MAKING COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OTHER ECONOMIC MODELS STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT IN EVALUATING OPTIONS HOLISTIC APPROACH WHOLE-COMMUNITY APPROACH DYNAMIC SYSTEM FEAR PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF TERRORIST INCIDENTS MAKING DECISIONS REGULATORY STRUCTURE INTEGRATING STAKEHOLDERS IN DECISION MAKING APPROACHES TO EFFECTIVE RISK COMMUNICATION DURING LATE-PHASE RECOVERY IMPLEMENTING DECISIONS TRANSPARENCY OF DECISION MAKING EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION DURING IMPLEMENTATION DELIVERY CHANNELS USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA PROGRAM OF IMPLEMENTATION MONITOR AND EVALUATE 6 LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION LONG-TERM MONITORING TIMEFRAME HEALTH MONITORING MONITORING CONSIDERATIONS PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REGISTRIES RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS AND INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS FOOD AND OTHER COMMODITIES FOOD, WATER AND AGRICULTURE FOOD WATER PROJECTED CHANGES IN USES OF AGRICULTURAL AND PASTURE LANDS OTHER COMMODITIES AND CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE MEDICAL PRODUCTS CONSUMER PRODUCTS INDUSTRIAL CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND PROPERTY RELEASE OF OTHER PROPERTIES SURFACE CONTAMINATION VOLUME CONTAMINATION ECONOMIC MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CESSATION OF MONITORING LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT FOOD AND AGRICULTURE FORESTS AND RECREATION AREAS 7 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS NATIONAL STRATEGY PROMOTING COMMUNITY RESILIENCE LATE-PHASE RESPONSE INTEGRATION INTO EMERGENCY PLANNING SITE-SPECIFIC OPTIMIZATION STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND EMPOWERMENT COMMUNICATION PLAN ADAPTIVE AND RESPONSIVE CLEANUP STRATEGIES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CONTINUOUS ADAPTIVE LEARNING