DIETARY ANTICARCINOGENS AND ANTIMUTAGENS
DIET, NUTRITION, AND CANCER: AN OVERVIEW 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 KETOGENIC DIET (KETOD) AND CANCER 1 3 MEDITERRANEAN DIET (MEDID) AND CANCER 1 4 FASTING, FASTING-MIMICKING DIET (FMD) AND CANCER 1 5 EPIGENETIC DIET (EPID) AND CANCER 1 6 FRUIT AND VEGETABLE-RICH DIET 1 7 VITAMIN AND CANCER 1 8 PHYTOCHEMICALS AND CANCER 1 9 AMINO ACID AND CANCER 1 10 FATTY ACID AND CANCER 1 11 CANCER METABOLISM 1 12 CARCINOGENIC DIET 1 13 MALNUTRITION AND CANCER 1 14 CONCLUSION REFERENCES INSIGHT INTO THE ROLE OF DIETARY PHYTOCHEMICALS IN CANCER TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 PHYTOCHEMICALS TARGETING DNA REPAIR 2 2 1 CURCUMIN 2 2 2 RESVERATROL (RVT) 2 2 3 QUERCETIN 2 2 4 GENISTEIN 2 2 5 TEA POLYPHENOLS 2 2 6 LYCOPENE 2 2 7 ORGANOSULFUR COMPOUNDS CONTENTS 2 3 PHYTOCHEMICALS TARGETING EPIGENETIC MODI?CATIONS 2 3 1 CURCUMIN 2 3 2 RESVERATROL (RVT) 2 3 3 QUERCETIN 2 3 4 GENISTEIN (ISO?AVONES) 2 3 5 TEA POLYPHENOLS 2 3 6 LYCOPENE 2 3 7 ORGANOSULFUR COMPOUNDS 2 4 PHYTOCHEMICALS TARGETING APOPTOSIS 2 4 1 CURCUMIN 2 4 2 RESVERATROL (RVT) 2 4 3 QUERCETIN 2 4 4 GENISTEIN 2 4 5 TEA POLYPHENOLS 2 4 6 LYCOPENE 2 4 7 ORGANOSULFUR COMPOUNDS 2 5 PHYTOCHEMICALS TARGETING ANGIOGENESIS 2 5 1 CURCUMIN 2 5 2 RESVERATROL (RVT) 2 5 3 QUERCETIN 2 5 4 GENISTEIN 2 5 5 TEA POLYPHENOLS 2 5 6 LYCOPENE 2 5 7 ORGANOSULFUR COMPOUNDS 2 6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES ROLE OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS IN CANCER PREVENTION 3 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 UNDERSTANDING CANCER DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION 3 3 ROLE OF DIET IN CANCER THERAPY 3 4 MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF PHYTOCHEMICALS IN CANCER PREVENTION AND TREATMENT 3 5 PHYTOCHEMICALS AND THEIR CLASSI?CATION 3 5 1 COMMON PHYTOCHEMICAL CLASSES ARE 3 5 1 1 FLAVONOIDS 3 5 1 2 CAROTENOIDS 3 5 1 3 PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS 3 5 1 4 POLYPHENOLS 3 5 1 5 ALKALOIDS 3 6 ROLE OF PHYTOCHEMICALS IN MODULATING CELL SIGNALING PATHWAYS 3 6 1 ANTICANCER ACTIVITY 3 6 2 ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY 3 6 3 ANTI-IN?AMMATORY EFFECTS 3 6 4 REGULATION OF CELL SIGNALING PATHWAYS 3 7 PRECLINICAL EVIDENCE 3 7 1 IN VITRO STUDIES 3 7 2 IN VIVO STUDIES 3 8 CLINICAL EVIDENCE 3 9 SAFETY AND TOXICITY CONSIDERATIONS 3 10 CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 3 11 CONCLUSION ANTI-CANCEROUS POTENTIAL OF MEDICINAL PLANTS AND CONSTITUTES 4 1 INTRODUCTION 4 2 MOLECULAR TARGETS FOR TREATING CANCER 4 2 1 JAK/STAT SIGNALING PATHWAY 4 2 2 VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (VEGFR) PATHWAY 4 2 3 NF-KAPPA B (NF-?B) PATHWAY 4 2 4 FAS PATHWAY 4 2 5 BCL PATHWAY 4 2 6 MAPK PATHWAY 4 2 7 P53 PATHWAY 4 2 8 EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (EGFR) 4 2 9 POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASE (PARP) 4 2 9 1 ANTICANCER PROPERTIES OF PLANTS 4 3 PHYTOCHEMICALS PLAY ANTICANCER AGENTS 4 4 CLINICAL STUDIES 4 5 CONCLUSION NATURAL COMPOUNDS AND THEIR EFFECT ON CANCER STEM CELLS 5 1 INTRODUCTION 5 2 BIOLOGY OF CANCER STEM CELLS 5 2 1 CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPERTIES OF CSCS 5 2 2 SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN CSC MAINTENANCE AND PROLIFERATION 5 2 3 MECHANISMS OF CSC RESISTANCE TO CONVENTIONAL THERAPIES 5 2 4 ROLE OF CSCS IN CANCER RECURRENCE AND METASTASIS 5 3 NATURAL COMPOUNDS WITH ANTICANCER ACTIVITY 5 3 1 INTRODUCTION TO NATURAL COMPOUNDS AND THEIR SOURCES 5 3 2 OVERVIEW OF NATURAL COMPOUNDS WITH DEMONSTRATED ANTICANCER PROPERTIES 5 3 3 MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF NATURAL COMPOUNDS AGAINST CANCER CELLS 5 3 4 IMPORTANCE OF BIOAVAILABILITY AND PHARMACOKINETICS IN NATURAL COMPOUND EF?CACY 5 4 TARGETING CANCER STEM CELLS WITH NATURAL COMPOUNDS 5 4 1 EVIDENCE OF NATURAL COMPOUNDS TARGETING CSCS 5 4 2 PRECLINICAL STUDIES EVALUATING THE EFFECTS OF NATURAL COMPOUNDS ON CSCS 5 4 3 CLINICAL TRIALS INVESTIGATING NATURAL COMPOUND EF?CACY AGAINST CSCS 5 5 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF NATURAL COMPOUNDS ON CSCS 5 6 COMBINING NATURAL COMPOUNDS WITH CONVENTIONAL THERAPIES 5 7 SAFETY AND TOXICITY CONSIDERATIONS 5 8 FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND CHALLENGES 5 9 CONCLUSION PHARMACOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF PHYTOCHEMICALS IN CANCER PREVENTION AND TREATMENT 6 1 INTRODUCTION 6 2 PHYTOCHEMICALS 6 3 PHARMACOLOGICAL MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PHYTOCHEMICALS 6 3 1 PHYTOCHEMICALS AS ANTIOXIDANTS IN CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION 6 3 2 EFFECT OF PHYTOCHEMICAL ON CANCER-RELATED SIGNALING 6 3 3 EFFECT OF PHYTOCHEMICAL ON CELL CYCLE 6 3 4 EFFECT OF PHYTOCHEMICAL ON APOPTOSIS AND AUTOPHAGY 6 3 5 PHYTOCHEMICALS AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION 6 3 6 EFFECT OF PHYTOCHEMICALS ON ANGIOGENESIS 6 4 NANOFORMULATION OF PHYTOCHEMICALS 6 5 CONCLUSION PHYTOCHEMICAL-BASED STRATEGIES IN ENHANCING CHEMOTHERAPY AND RADIOTHERAPY EFFICACY IN CANCER TREATMENT 7 1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 CHEMOTHERAPY AND ITS CHALLENGES 7 3 RADIOTHERAPY AND ITS CHALLENGES 7 4 PHYTOCHEMICALS 7 5 RADIOSENSITIZERS 7 6 CHEMOSENSITIZERS 7 7 ROLE OF PHYTOCHEMICALS IN THE IMPROVEMENT OF RADIOTHERAPY AND CHEMOTHERAPY 7 8 CHEMORADIOTHERAPY (CRT) 7 9 SUMMARY 7 10 CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PROSPECTIVE 7 11 CONCLUSION PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES ON THE EFFICACY OF PHYTOCHEMICALS IN CANCER TREATMENT 8 1 INTRODUCTION 8 2 VARIOUS CLASSES OF PHYTOCHEMICALS 8 2 1 POLYPHENOLS 8 2 1 1 ELLAGIC ACID 8 2 1 2 10-GINGEROL 8 2 1 3 PROTOCATECHUIC ACID 8 2 1 4 GALLIC ACID 8 2 1 5 FLAVONOIDS 8 2 2 TERPENES 8 2 3 SAPONINS 8 2 4 ALKALOIDS 8 3 PHYTOCHEMICALS IN CLINICAL SETTING 8 3 1 BERBERINE 8 3 2 CURCUMIN 8 3 3 EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE (EGCG) 8 3 4 LYCOPENE 8 3 5 RESVERATROL 8 3 6 SULFORAPHANE 8 4 CONCLUSION IMPROVEMENTS IN PHYTOCHEMICAL-BASED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 9 1 INTRODUCTION 9 2 HISTORICAL USE OF PHYTOCHEMICALS IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 9 3 CHALLENGES IN PHYTOCHEMICAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM 9 4 POOR SOLUBILITY AND BIOAVAILABILITY 9 5 STABILITY AND RAPID METABOLISM 9 6 TARGETING AND CONTROLLED SYSTEM RELEASE 9 6 1 ANTIBODY-CONJUGATED SYSTEMS 9 6 2 APTAMER-BASED TARGETING 9 6 3 LIGAND-RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS 9 6 4 PASSIVE TARGETING MECHANISMS 9 7 ENHANCED PERMEABILITY AND RETENTION (EPR) EFFECT 9 7 1 CONTROLLED RELEASE SYSTEMS 9 7 2 DIFFUSION-CONTROLLED SYSTEMS 9 7 3 EROSION-CONTROLLED SYSTEMS OSMOTIC PRESSURE-BASED SYSTEMS PH-RESPONSIVE SYSTEMS TEMPERATURE-RESPONSIVE SYSTEM LIGHT-TRIGGERED SYSTEMS NANOTECHNOLOGY-BASED APPROACHES ENCAPSULATION TECHNIQUES 9 10 MICROENCAPSULATION AND NANOENCAPSULATION 9 10 1 MICROENCAPSULATION 9 10 2 NANOENCAPSULATION 9 10 3 POLYMERS FOR ENCAPSULATION 9 10 3 1 NATURAL POLYMERS 9 10 3 2 SYNTHETIC POLYMERS 9 10 3 3 SEDDS (SELF-EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS) 9 10 3 4 HYDROGEL-BASED SYSTEMS 9 11 CASE STUDIES AND APPLICATIONS: CANCER THERAPY WITH THE HELP OF PHYTOCHEMICALS 9 11 1 CURCUMIN 9 11 2 RESVERATROL 9 11 3 PHYTOCHEMICALS AND CARDIOVASCULAR AILMENT 9 11 4 POLYPHENOLS 9 12 NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDER AND PHYTOCHEMICALS 9 12 1 GINKGO BILOBA 9 12 2 HUPERZINE A 9 13 REGULATORY CHALLENGES 9 13 1 SAFETY AND EF?CACY ASSESSMENTS 9 14 CLINICAL TRIALS 9 15 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 9 16 CONCLUSION 10 NANOCARRIER IN CANCER THERAPY: AN OVERVIEW 10 1 INTRODUCTION 10 2 NANOCARRIERS 10 2 1 BIOAVAILABILITY 10 2 2 ENCAPSULATION EF?CIENCY 10 2 3 LOADING EF?CIENCY 10 2 4 BIOCOMPATIBILITY 10 3 NANOCARRIER-TUMOUR INTERACTIONS 10 4 TYPES OF NANOCARRIERS FOR DRUG DELIVERY IN CANCER 10 4 1 ORGANIC NANOCARRIERS 10 4 2 INORGANIC NANOCARRIERS 10 4 3 HYBRID NANOCARRIERS 10 5 CONCLUSION 11 NANOCARRIER-BASED DRUG DELIVERY IN CANCER THERAPY 11 1 INTRODUCTION 11 2 THE EFFECTIVE USE OF NANOCARRIERS IN DRUG-DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR CANCER TREATMENTS 11 3 THE TYPES OF NANOCARRIERS USED IN CANCER TREATMENT 11 3 1 LIPOSOMES 11 3 2 DENDRIMERS 11 3 3 POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES 11 3 4 MICELLES 11 3 5 QUANTUM DOTS 11 3 6 GOLD NANOPARTICLES 11 4 STIMULI-RESPONSIVE DRUG-DELIVERY SYSTEM 11 4 1 EXOGENOUS STIMULI-RESPONSIVE DRUG DELIVERY 11 4 1 1 THERMORESPONSIVE SYSTEM 11 4 1 2 LIGHT-TRIGGERED STIMULI 11 4 1 3 ULTRASOUND-TRIGGERED STIMULI 11 4 1 4 MAGNETICALLY RESPONSIVE STIMULI 11 4 1 5 ELECTRORESPONSIVE STIMULI 11 4 2 ENDOGENOUS STIMULI-RESPONSIVE DRUG DELIVERY 11 4 2 1 PH RESPONSIVE 11 4 2 2 ENZYME RESPONSIVE 11 4 2 3 REDOX RESPONSIVE 11 5 CONCLUSION 11 6 FUTURE PERSPECTIVE 12 THE POTENTIAL USE OF ALGAE-DERIVED GREEN NANOMATERIALS IN CANCER THERAPY 12 1 INTRODUCTION 12 2 NANOMATERIALS 12 3 NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS: AN ECO-FRIENDLY APPROACH 12 4 NANOMATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES 12 5 GREEN SYNTHESIS OF NANOMATERIALS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 12 5 1 SILVER NANOPARTICLES 12 5 2 GOLD NANOPARTICLES 12 5 3 ZINC NANOPARTICLES 12 5 4 PLATINUM NANOPARTICLES 12 5 5 PALLADIUM NANOPARTICLES 12 5 6 IRON NANOPARTICLES 12 5 7 SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES (SENPS) 12 6 MECHANISM OF ANTICANCER AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF NANOPARTICLES 12 7 COMMERCIALIZATION AND FUTURES ASPECTS OF BIOSYNTHESIZED NANOMATERIALS 12 8 CONCLUSION 13 ADVANTAGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY-BASED DOSAGE FORMS FOR DELIVERY OF HERBAL DRUGS IN CANCER 13 1 CANCER 13 2 HERBAL DRUGS 13 3 NANOPARTICLES 13 3 1 BIO-ORGANIC NANOPARTICLES 13 3 1 1 LIPOSOMES ROOTED NANOPARTICLES 13 3 1 2 POLYMER-ROOTED NANOPARTICLES 13 3 2 INORGANIC NANOPARTICLES 13 3 2 1 GOLD NANOPARTICLES (AUNPS) 13 3 2 2 SILVER NANOPARTICLES (AGNPS) 13 3 2 3 CARBON NANOTUBES (CNTS) 13 3 2 4 QUANTUM DOTS 13 3 2 5 MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES (MNPS) 13 3 2 6 SILICA NANOPARTICLES (SNPS) 13 3 3 HYBRID NANOPARTICLES 13 3 3 1 LIPIDS-POLYMER HYBRID NANOPARTICLES 13 3 3 2 LIPOSOMES-SILICA HYBRID NANOPARTICLES 13 3 3 3 CHITOSAN HYBRID NANOPARTICLES 13 4 NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS (NDDS) 13 4 1 POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES 13 4 2 SOLID-LIPID NANOPARTICLES (SLNS) 13 4 3 LIQUID CRYSTAL SYSTEM (LC) AND PRECURSOR 13 4 4 LIPOSOMES AND MICROEMULSIONS 13 5 ADVANTAGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY-BASED HERBAL DRUGS IN CANCER 13 6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 14 EMERGING NANO-PHYTOCHEMICALS-BASED SUSTAINED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR CANCER THERAPEUTICS 14 1 INTRODUCTION 14 2 CONVENTIONAL THERAPIES FOR CANCER 14 2 1 CHEMOTHERAPY 14 2 2 SURGERY 14 2 3 RADIATION THERAPY 14 2 4 TARGETED THERAPY 14 2 5 IMMUNOTHERAPY 14 3 NANOTECHNOLOGY AS A PROMISING NEW FRONTIER IN CANCER THERAPY 14 4 DIFFERENT TYPES OF NANOMATERIALS FOR CANCER THERAPEUTICS 14 4 1 POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES 14 4 2 LIPOSOMES 14 4 3 QUANTUM DOTS 14 4 4 METALLIC NANOPARTICLES 14 5 PHYTOCHEMICAL-BASED NANODRUGS FOR CANCER TREATMENT 14 6 CLASSI?CATION OF PHYTOCHEMICALS TO ADDRESS OXIDATIVE STRESS AND CANCER MANAGEMENT 14 6 1 ALKALOIDS 14 6 2 PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS 14 6 3 CAROTENOIDS 14 6 4 ORGANOSULFUR COMPOUNDS 14 7 BIOAVAILABILITY OF PHYTOCHEMICALS 14 8 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS