PESTICIDE, VETERINARY AND OTHER RESIDUES IN FOOD

By OLIVIA WHITE

INTRODUCTION TO FOOD TOXICOLOGY INTRODUCTION: DEFINING FOOD TOXICOLOGY TYPES OF TOXICANT: CONTAMINANTS TYPES OF TOXICANT: NATURALLY-OCCURRING TOXICANTS TYPES OF TOXICANT: FOOD PROCESSING TOXICANTS CURRENT ISSUES: PATHOGENS, GENETIC VARIABILITY AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE CURRENT ISSUES: NOVEL FOODS AND NATURAL TOXICANTS CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES PART I ASSESSING AND MANAGING RISKS GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DIETARY CARCINOGENS INTRODUCTION: DIET AND CANCER DIETARY CARCINOGENS AND ANTICARCINOGENS: MYCOTOXINS, HETEROCYCLIC AMINES, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS, N-NITROSO COMPOUNDS AND PHYTOCHEMICALS GENETIC INFLUENCES ON CARCINOGEN-METABOLIZING ENZYMES EVIDENCE OF GENE-DIET INTERACTIONS SUMMARY AND FUTURE TRENDS SOURCES OF FURTHER INFORMATION AND ADVICE ASSESSING THE MUTAGENICITY OF CHEMICALS IN FOOD: THE CASE OF PESTICIDES INTRODUCTION: MUTAGENICITY TEST PROGRAMMES CRITERIA FOR THE TESTING OF PESTICIDES SELECTING APPROPRIATE TESTS ASSESSING DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS DEVELOPING TEST METHODOLOGIES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING THE IMPACT OF CHEMICAL RESIDUES: THE CASE OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS) INTRODUCTION: RISKS POSED BY ORGANOHALOGEN COMPOUNDS ORGANOHALOGENS AS NEUROTOXINS NEUROBEHAVIOURAL CONSEQUENCES OF PCB EXPOSURE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF ORGANOHALOGEN-INDUCED TOXICITY CONCLUSION TARGETED AND RAPID METHODS IN ANALYSING RESIDUES IN FOOD INTRODUCTION THE PRINCIPLES OF IMMUNOASSAYS THE USE OF IMMUNO-AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY DEVELOPING IMMUNOASSAYS TO DETECT RESIDUES IN FOOD AND WATER RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN IMMUNOASSAYS RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN IMMUNO-AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY THE USE OF IMMUNOSENSORS IN RESIDUE ANALYSIS GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE AND HACCP SYSTEMS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PESTICIDES AND VETERINARY RESIDUES ON THE FARM SAFETY ISSUES IN THE FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE THE HAZARD ANALYSIS CRITICAL CONTROL POINT (HACCP) SYSTEM THE HACCP STUDY IMPLEMENTING AND MAINTAINING HACCP SYSTEMS FUTURE TRENDS REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY PART II VETERINARY RESIDUES ASSESSING THE SAFETY OF VETERINARY DRUG RESIDUES TYPES OF TOXICITY STUDY ELABORATION OF MAXIMUM RESIDUE LIMITS (MRLS) FOR VETERINARY DRUGS IN THE EU ELABORATION OF MRLS FOR PARTICULAR FOODS IN THE EU INTERNATIONAL REGULATION: THE ROLE OF THE JOINT EXPERT COMMITTEE ON FOOD ADDITIVES (JECFA) THE TOXICITY OF PARTICULAR VETERINARY DRUG RESIDUES GRISEOFULVIN LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS: PENICILLINS AND CEPHALOSPORINS MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTICS: SPIRAMYCIN, TYLOSIN AND TILMICOSIN AMINOGLYCOSIDES FLUOROQUINOLONES SULFADIMIDINE (SULFAMETHAZINE) CARBADOX AND OLAQUINDOX FURAZOLIDONE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS CHLORAMPHENICOL IVERMECTIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS TRANQUILLISERS: XYLAZINE AND AZAPERONE CARAZOLOL THE RAPID DETECTION OF VETERINARY DRUG RESIDUES VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS METHODS FOR DETECTING RESIDUES VALIDATING DETECTION METHODS RAPID ON-LINE CONFIRMATION OF DIFFERENT VETERINARY RESIDUES NEW TECHNIQUES FOR THE RAPID DETECTION OF GROWTH PROMOTERS IN FARM ANIMALS INTRODUCTION: DETECTING THE USE OF GROWTH PROMOTERS EXISTING DETECTION TECHNIQUES AND THEIR LIMITATIONS THE USE OF IMMUNOSENSORS TO DETECT GROWTH PROMOTERS KEY ISSUES IN DEVELOPING NEW BIOSENSORS THE RAPID DETECTION OF COCCIDIOSTAT DRUG RESIDUES IN FARM ANIMALS THE USE OF ANTICOCCIDIAL DRUGS IN POULTRY FARMING THE USE OF TIME-RESOLVED FLUOROIMMUNOASSAYS (TR-FIAS) SCREENING FOR COCCIDIOSTAT RESIDUES BY AUTOMATED TR-FIAS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PART III PESTICIDES SURVEILLANCE FOR PESTICIDE RESIDUES PESTICIDE REGULATION IN THE UNITED STATES SAMPLE COLLECTION, PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS RESULTS FROM PESTICIDE RESIDUE SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS INTERPRETING THE RESULTS OF PESTICIDE RESIDUE SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS THE RAPID DETECTION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES DETECTING PESTICIDES: PHYSICOCHEMICAL METHODS DETECTING PESTICIDES: BIOLOGICAL METHODS THE PRINCIPLES OF BIOSENSORS DEVELOPING LOW-COST BIOSENSORS USING BIOSENSORS: PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN GRAIN, FRUIT AND VEGETABLES FURTHER READING DETECTING RESIDUES OF UREA AND CARBAMATE PESTICIDES INTRODUCTION: KEY ISSUES IN DETECTION SAMPLE PREPARATION TECHNIQUES FOR RAPID SCREENING OF SAMPLES SEPARATION TECHNIQUES DETECTORS USED IN COMBINATION WITH SEPARATION TECHNIQUES DETECTING FUNGICIDE RESIDUES CONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES AND IMMUNOASSAYS FOR DETECTING FUNGICIDE RESIDUES DETECTING FUNGICIDE RESIDUES USING BIOSENSORS DETECTING HERBICIDE RESIDUES INTRODUCTION: KEY ISSUES IN DETECTING HERBICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD TRENDS IN SAMPLE PREPARATION ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR PARTICULAR HERBICIDE RESIDUES LEVELS OF HERBICIDE RESIDUES FOUND IN FOOD PART IV OTHER CHEMICAL RESIDUES IN FOOD XENOESTROGENS MECHANISM OF ACTION OF XENOESTROGENS ASSAYS FOR XENOESTROGENS MEASURING RISKS FROM DIFFERENT XENOESTROGENS HEALTH EFFECTS OF XENOESTROGENS XENOESTROGENS IN FOOD AND LEVELS OF DIETARY INTAKE REGULATORY CONTROL OF XENOESTROGENS 17 10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 17 11 REFERENCES DIETARY ESTROGENS INTRODUCTION: DEFINING DIETARY ESTROGENS THE RANGE OF DIETARY ESTROGENS ASSESSING THE ESTROGENICTY OF DIETARY ESTROGENS ASSESSING THE TOXICITY OF DIETARY ESTROGENS THE BENEFITS OF DIETARY ESTROGENS: CANCER PREVENTION THE BENEFITS OF DIETARY ESTROGENS: PREVENTING OSTEOPOROSIS AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS DIETARY INTAKES OF ESTROGENS FUTURE TRENDS AND SOURCES OF FURTHER INFORMATION AND ADVICE POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PAHS HEALTH EFFECTS OF PAHS ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR PAHS THE OCCURRENCE OF PAHS IN FOOD DIOXINS AND POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS) DIOXINS AND PCBS ASSESSING THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF DIOXINS AND DIOXIN-LIKE PCBS ANALYTICAL METHODS AND CURRENT EXPOSURE LEVELS BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS ABBREVIATIONS DETECTING ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN FOOD: THE CASE OF FISH AND SHELLFISH INTRODUCTION: THE PROBLEM OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS SOURCES OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN FISH ANALYSING PARTICULAR ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN FISH HEALTH ISSUES FOR ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN FISH IDENTIFYING ALLERGENIC PROTEINS IN FOOD INTRODUCTION: THE NATURE OF ALLERGENS AND ALLERGIES TYPES OF PLANT FOOD ALLERGENS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS IDENTIFYING POTENTIALLY ALLERGENIC PROTEINS: BIOINFORMATICS IDENTIFYING POTENTIALLY ALLERGENIC PROTEINS: RESISTANCE TO PEPINOLYSIS AND IGE REACTIVITY TOXICOLOGICAL SCREENING OF PAPER AND BOARD PACKAGING REGULATORY BACKGROUND REQUIREMENTS FOR TOXICOLOGICAL TESTING CYCOTOXICITY TESTS GENOTOXICITY TESTS APPLYING TESTS TO PAPER AND BOARD CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE TRENDS DETECTING METAL CONTAMINATION METHODS OF PREPARING FOOD SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR METAL DETECTION CADMIUM SPECIATION IN FOOD LEAD SPECIATION IN FOOD MERCURY SPECIATION IN FOOD ARSENIC SPECIATION IN FOOD MYCOTOXINS: DETECTION AND CONTROL TYPES OF MYCOTOXIN FOUND IN FOOD AND ANIMAL FEED RISK MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF MYCOTOXINS IN FOOD SAMPLING FOR MYCOTOXINS STANDARDIZATION OF METHODS FOR DETECTING MYCOTOXINS THE RANGE OF ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR MYCOTOXINS DEALING WITH MYCOTOXINS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES