NUTRITION AND SPECIFIC THERAPY
CONTENTS SECTION I OVERVIEW OF LIVER HEALTH 1 GENOME-BASED NUTRITION IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE 1 2 HEPATOPATHOGENIC DIET AND ITS VARIATIONS BY LIVER DISEASE ETIOLOGY 2 GENOME-BASED NUTRITION: A REGIONALIZED AND PERSONALIZED DIET 3 GENES, MICROBIOTA, AND REGIONALIZED DIET 4 NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTION IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE 4 1 NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE— NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS 4 2 ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE 4 3 HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION 5 CONCLUDING REMARKS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS GLOSSARY REFERENCES 2 CURRENT THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 PATHOGENESIS OF ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE 2 1 ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER (STEATOSIS) 2 2 ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS 2 3 ALCOHOLIC FIBROSIS 2 4 ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS 3 CURRENT THERAPIES FOR ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE 3 1 ABSTINENCE AND LIFESTYLE MODI?CATION 3 2 NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT AND SUPPLEMENTS 3 3 PHARMACOLOGICAL DRUGS AND NEW AGENTS THAT ARE UNDER DEVELOPMENT 3 4 LIVER TRANSPLANTATION 3 5 NATURAL AND HERBAL MEDICINES FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF ALD 3 6 HERBAL FORMULAS FOR TREATMENT OF ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE 3 7 THE COMBINATION THERAPIES OF DRUGS AND NATURAL AGENTS ENDNOTES 3 FEATURES OF HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY 1 INTRODUCTION 2 PATHOGENESIS 2 1 AMMONIA ASSUMPTION 2 2 GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC CORROSIVE ASSUMPTION 2 3 CHANGEABILITY OF HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY 3 CLINICAL FEATURES OF HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY 4 LABORATORY IRREGULARITIES IN HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY 5 REGULAR PRECIPITANTS OF HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY 6 DISTINGUISHABLE DIAGNOSIS FOR HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY 7 CONTROLLING OF HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY 7 1 METHODOLOGY RESPECTS 7 2 MEDICATIONS TO DECREASE INTESTINAL AMMONIA PRODUCTION 7 3 MEASUREMENTS TO UPREGULATE AMMONIA CLEARANCE 7 4 MEDICINES TO IMPROVE SLEEP DISTURBANCES 7 5 POST–TRANSJUGULAR INTRAHEPATIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY 8 INSIGNI?CANT HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY 4 THE LIVER BEFORE AND AFTER BARIATRIC SURGERY 1 INTRODUCTION: THE LIVER OF THE OBESE PATIENT 1 1 BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS AND ALTERATIONS OF THE LIVER IN OBESITY 1 2 GENE EXPRESSIONS AND POLYMORPHISMS IN THE SICK LIVER OF THE OBESE 1 3 THE CHALLENGING MANAGEMENT OF NAFLD, NASH, LIVER FIBROSIS, AND CIRRHOSIS IN OBESITY 1 4 PREPARATION FOR BARIATRIC SURGERY IN THE PATIENT WITH LIVER DYSFUNCTION 2 THE LIVER AFTER THE BARIATRIC SURGERY 2 1 METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF THE LIVER (BEFORE AND) AFTER BARIATRIC SURGERY 2 2 BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS OF THE LIVER AFTER BARIATRIC SURGERY 2 3 GENES EXPRESSION AFTER BARIATRIC SURGERY 2 4 LIVER TRANSPLANTATION AND BARIATRIC SURGERY 2 5 LIVER COMPLICATIONS AFTER BARIATRIC SURGERY 2 6 WEIGHT-LOSS-INDEPENDENT EFFECTS OF BARIATRIC SURGERY 3 FINAL DISCUSSION 4 CONCLUSION 5 OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DYSFUNCTION OF THE INTRACELLULAR PROTEOLYTIC MACHINERY: A PATHOLOGICAL HALLMARK OF NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 INTRACELLULAR PROTEOLYSIS 2 1 THE UBIQUITIN–PROTEASOME SYSTEM 2 2 AUTOPHAGY 2 3 CROSSTALK BETWEEN THE UPS AND AUTOPHAGY 3 ROS AND INTRACELLULAR PROTEOLYSIS 3 1 INHIBITION OF UPS BY ROS 3 2 INHIBITION OF AUTOPHAGY BY ROS 4 THE INTERCONNECTION OF ROS, INTRACELLULAR PROTEOLYSIS, AND NAFLD 4 1 NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE 4 2 OXIDATIVE STRESS AND NAFLD 4 3 IMPAIRED INTRACELLULAR PROTEOLYSIS IN NAFLD 4 4 MULTIPLE MECHANISMS OF AUTOPHAGIC DYSFUNCTION IN NAFLD 4 5 UPREGULATION OF RUBICON IN NAFLD 5 CONCLUSION REMARKS SECTION II FRUITS IMPROVE LIVER HEALTH 6 POLYPHENOLS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES INCLUDING HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA 1 INTRODUCTION 2 DIETARY POLYPHENOLS IN THE PREVENTION OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES 3 EFFECT ON NON–ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASES 4 EFFECT ON NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS 5 EFFECT OF POLYPHENOLS ON ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASES 6 CONTROL OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION 7 CONTROL OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION 8 MANAGEMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA 9 CONCLUSIONS 7 PHYTOCHEMICALS IN THE PREVENTION OF ETHANOL-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY: A REVISIT 1 INTRODUCTION 2 PHYTOCHEMICALS IN THE PROTECTION OF ALCOHOL-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY 2 1 BETA-CAROTENE 2 2 LUTEIN 2 3 MESO-ZEAXANTHIN 2 4 BETAINE 2 5 FERULIC ACID 2 6 ELLAGIC ACID 2 7 EPIGALLOCATECHIN-3-GALLATE 2 8 QUERCETIN 2 9 MORIN 2 10 HYDROXYSTILBENES AND RESVERATROL 2 11 URSOLIC ACID 2 12 ANDROGRAPHOLIDE AND ARABINOGALACTAN PROTEINS OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA NEES 2 13 PICROLIV 2 14 SILYMARIN 3 MECHANISMS 4 CONCLUSIONS 8 PROTECTIVE ACTIONS OF POLYPHENOLS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 PATHOGENESIS AND PROGRESSION OF NAFLD 2 1 LIVER STEATOSIS 2 2 HEPATIC OXIDATIVE STRESS, IN?AMMATION, AND APOPTOSIS 2 3 LIVER FIBROSIS 3 POLYPHENOLS IN FOODS AND NATURAL PRODUCTS 4 PROTECTIVE ACTION OF POLYPHENOLS AGAINST NAFLD PROGRESSION 4 1 QUERCETIN 4 2 EPIGALLOCATECHIN-3-O-GALLATE 4 3 ANTHOCYANINS 4 4 RESVERATROL 5 CONCLUSION 9 PHYTOTHERAPY FOR THE LIVER 1 INTRODUCTION 2 LIVER DISEASE TREATMENT 3 PLANT-DERIVED COMPOUNDS WITH LIVER BENE?CIAL PROPERTIES 4 CURCUMA LONGA 4 1 ANTIIN?AMMATORY PROPERTIES 4 2 ANTI?BROTIC PROPERTIES 4 3 ANTICANCER PROPERTIES OF CURCUMIN 4 4 ANTIHEAVY METAL PROPERTIES OF CURCUMIN IN THE LIVER 4 5 ANTISTEATOTIC PROPERTIES OF CURCUMIN 5 SILYBUM MARIANUM 5 1 ANTIIN?AMMATORY AND IMMUNOMODULATION ACTIVITIES 5 2 SILYMARIN PREVENTS FIBROSIS 5 3 BENE?CIAL EFFECTS OF SILYMARIN ON NAFLD 5 4 ANTICANCER PROPERTIES OF SILYMARIN 6 QUERCETIN 6 1 QUERCETIN INHIBITS LIVER IN?AMMATION 6 2 QUERCETIN AND HEPATIC FIBROSIS 6 3 QUERCETIN AND NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS 6 4 QUERCETIN AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA 7 NARINGENIN 7 1 ANTIIN?AMMATORY PROPERTIES OF NARINGENIN 7 2 NARINGENIN ANTI?BROGENIC EFFECTS 7 3 NARINGENIN AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA 8 COFFEE 9 STEVIA 10 RESVERATROL 11 L-THEANINE 12 HESPERIDIN 13 COLCHICINE 14 ROSEMARY 15 GLYCYRRHIZIN (GLYCYRRHIZIC ACID) 16 OTHER PLANT-DERIVED COMPOUNDS 17 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS SECTION III HERBS AND PLANTS FOR TREATING LIVER DISEASE 10 CURCUMA LONGA, THE POLYPHENOLIC CURCUMIN COMPOUND AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON LIVER 1 INTRODUCTION OF CURCUMA LONGA 1 1 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN THE RHIZOME OF CURCUMA LONGA L 2 THE POLYPHENOLIC CURCUMIN COMPOUND 2 1 THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF CURCUMA LONGA COMPONENTS 2 2 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY 2 3 ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY 2 4 ANTI-IN?AMMATORY ACTIVITY 2 5 FOR TREATMENT OF ARTHRITIS 2 6 FOR TREATMENT OF METABOLIC SYNDROME 2 7 FOR TREATMENT OF CANCER 3 CURCUMIN AND LIVER DISEASE 3 1 CURCUMIN AGAINST HEAVY METALS– INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE 3 2 THE EFFECTS OF CURCUMIN IN PRECLINICAL IN VITRO AND IN VIVO HCC 3 3 HEPATITIS B VIRUS 11 NYMPHAEA ALBA AND LIVER PROTECTION 1 INTRODUCTION 2 TRADITIONAL USES 3 PHYTOCONSTITUENTS 3 1 FLOWER PHYTOCONSTITUENTS 3 2 LEAF PHYTOCONSTITUENTS 3 3 RHIZOME PHYTOCONSTITUENTS 4 VALIDATED STUDIES 4 1 HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF FLOWERS AND A POWERFUL ANTI-IN?AMMATORY ACTIVITY 4 2 LEAF EXTRACT AND POTENT BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES 4 3 RHIZOMES’ BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES 5 PHENOLICS OF N ALBA AND LIVER PROTECTION 6 CONCLUSION 12 THE FLAVONE BAICALEIN AND ITS USE IN GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 EXTRACTION AND PURI?CATION 3 METABOLISM AND CONVERSION 4 USE OF BAICALEIN IN GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE 4 1 ULCERATIVE COLITIS 4 2 GASTRIC ULCERATION 4 3 ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY 4 4 LIVER FIBROSIS 4 5 CANCER PREVENTION AND THERAPY 4 6 COLORECTAL CANCER 4 7 PANCREATIC CANCER 4 8 GASTRIC CANCER 4 9 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA 4 10 DIABETES MELLITUS 5 MECHANISM OF ACTION OF BAICALEIN 5 1 REGULATION OF CELL DEATH 5 2 REGULATION OF SIGNALING TRANSDUCTION 13 PYRROLOQUINOLINE QUINONE: ITS PRO?LE, EFFECTS ON THE LIVER AND IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH AND DISEASE PREVENTION 1 INTRODUCTION: PYRROLOQUINOLINE QUINONE 2 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NAFLD/NASH 3 SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF PQQ ON NAFLD/NASH 3 1 MECHANISTIC MODES OF ACTION 3 2 PYRROLOQUINOLINE QUINONE AS AN ANTIOXIDANT 3 3 PYRROLOQUINOLINE QUINONE AND LIPID METABOLISM 3 4 PYRROLOQUINOLINE QUINONE AND IN?AMMATION 3 5 PYRROLOQUINOLINE QUINONE AND THE MICROBIOME 3 6 PYRROLOQUINOLINE QUINONE AND FIBROSIS 4 HUMAN STUDIES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH 4 1 PYRROLOQUINOLINE QUINONE AND COGNITION 4 2 PYRROLOQUINOLINE QUINONE AND SKIN ELASTICITY 4 3 PYRROLOQUINOLINE QUINONE AND METABOLISM 5 CONCLUSIONS 14 HERBAL WEIGHT LOSS SUPPLEMENTS: FROM DUBIOUS EF?CACY TO DIRECT TOXICITY 1 INTRODUCTION 2 THE SURGE OF HERBAL PRODUCT USE WITHIN COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 3 THE INTERNET AS A SOURCE OF INFORMATION ABOUT HERBAL WEIGHT LOSS SUPPLEMENTS 4 HERBAL SUPPLEMENT IDENTITY, EF?CACY, AND SAFETY: BEDLAM IN THE CYBER MARKETPLACE 5 MEXICAN HAWTHORN ROOT 5 1 YELLOW OLEANDER OR “CODO DE FRAILE” 6 TOXICITY OF THEVETIA SPP 7 CANDLENUT TREE SEED 8 BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS 9 USE OF THE CANDLENUT TREE IN ASIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 10 WEIGHT LOSS AND OTHER HEALTH CLAIMS MADE ON THE INTERNET FOR CANDLENUT TREE SEEDS 11 INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AGENCIES BAN CANDLENUT SEED DUE TO ITS TOXICITY 12 CONCLUSIONS 15 TEA (CAMELLIA SINENSIS L KUNTZE) AS HEPATOPROTECTIVE AGENT: A REVISIT 1 INTRODUCTION 2 PHYTOCHEMISTRY OF TEA 3 VALIDATED USES 4 TEA PROTECTS AGAINST THE ALCOHOL-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY 5 TEA PROTECTS AGAINST CARBON TETRACHLORIDE–INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY 6 EFFECT OF TEA ON N-ACETAMINOPHEN- INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY 7 TEA IS EFFECTIVE IN VIRAL HEPATITIS 8 EFFECT OF TEA ON ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY 9 EFFECT OF TEA ON FATTY LIVER DISEASE 10 EFFECT OF TEA ON HEPATOTOXICITY OF LEAD 11 EFFECT OF TEA ON HEPATOTOXICITY OF ARSENIC 12 EFFECT OF TEA ON PHENOBARBITOL- INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE 13 EFFECT OF TEA ON HEPATOTOXICITY OF MICROCYSTIN 14 EFFECT OF TEA ON HEPATOTOXICITY OF A?ATOXINS 15 EFFECT OF TEA ON HEPATOTOXICITY OF AZATHIOPRINE 16 EFFECT OF TEA ON GALACTOSAMINE- AND LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE 17 EFFECT OF TEA ON HEPATOTOXICITY OF INSECTICIDES 18 EFFECT OF TEA ON HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS 19 CONCLUSIONS 16 HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF THE INDIAN GOOSEBERRY (EMBLICA OF?CINALIS GAERTN): A REVISIT 1 INTRODUCTION 2 PHYTOCHEMICALS 3 TRADITIONAL USES 4 SCIENTI?CALLY VALIDATED STUDIES 5 EFFECT OF AMLA ON HEPATOTOXICITY OF ETHANOL 6 EFFECT OF AMLA ON HEPATOTOXICITY OF HEAVY METALS ARSENIC AND CADMIUM 7 EFFECT OF AMLA ON HEPATOTOXICITY OF IRON OVERLOAD 8 EFFECT OF AMLA ON HEPATOTOXICITY OF OCHRATOXIN 9 EFFECT OF AMLA ON HEPATOTOXICITY OF ANTITUBERCULAR DRUGS 10 EFFECT OF AMLA ON HEPATOTOXICITY OF HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE 11 EFFECT OF AMLA ON HEPATOTOXICITY OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE 12 EFFECT OF AMLA ON HEPATOTOXICITY OF PARACETAMOL 13 EFFECT OF AMLA PHYTOCHEMICALS ON GALACTOSAMINE- AND LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE 14 EFFECT OF AMLA PHYTOCHEMICALS ON HEPATOTOXICITY OF MICROCYSTIN 15 EFFECT OF AMLA ON HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS 16 EFFECT OF AMLA ON HEPATIC LIPID METABOLISM AND METABOLIC SYNDROME 17 EFFECT OF AMLA ON NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE 18 MECHANISM OF ACTION(S) RESPONSIBLE FOR THE HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS FURTHER READING SECTION IV DIETARY MACRONUTRIENTS AND MICRONUTRIENTS FOR HEALTHY LIVER FUNCTION 17 MAJOR DIETARY INTERVENTIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF LIVER DISEASE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 LIVER AS AN ORGAN 3 LIVER FAILURE 4 CAUSES OF HEPATIC INJURY 5 NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE 6 ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE 7 CHRONIC HEPATITIS B AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS C 8 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA 9 DIETARY INTERVENTIONS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF LIVER DISEASES 10 DIET TYPES 11 FAT 12 PROTEIN 13 CARBOHYDRATES 14 GLYCEMIC INDEX 15 ANTIOXIDANTS 16 BILE ACIDS AND FIBER 17 PREBIOTICS AND PROBIOTICS 18 THE MEDITERRANEAN AND OTHER DIETS 19 ZINC 20 NIACIN (NICOTINIC ACID) 21 ASTAXANTHIN 22 CURCUMIN 23 CONCLUSION 18 THE EFFECTS OF DIETARY ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS (AGES) ON LIVER DISORDERS 1 ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS 2 CIRCULATING AGES AND LIVER DISORDERS 3 THE AGES–RAGE SYSTEM IN LIVER DISORDERS 4 THE EFFECTS OF DIETARY AGES ON LIVER DISORDERS 4 1 LIVER HISTOLOGY 4 2 LIVER ENZYMES 4 3 METABOLIC AND IN?AMMATORY PRO?LES 4 4 REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES PRODUCTION 4 5 RECEPTOR FOR ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS 4 6 DE NOVO LIPOGENESIS 4 7 WEIGHT GAIN 5 DIETARY INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE THE AGES 6 SUMMARY 19 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF WHEAT GERM OIL AGAINST OXIDATIVE STRESS–INDUCED LIVER DISEASE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES AND LIVER DISEASES 3 WHEAT GERM OIL AND LIVER DISEASES 3 1 NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION 3 2 ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY 20 CRITICAL ROLE OF HEPATIC FATTY-ACYL PHOSPHOLIPID REMODELING IN OBESE AND NONOBESE FATTY LIVER MOUSE MODELS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 CAUSES OF OBESITY: GENETICS AND DIETS 1 2 CONSEQUENCE OF OBESITY: NAFLD AND NASH 1 3 ANIMAL MODELS OF OBESE AND NONOBESE NAFLD/NASH 1 4 COMPARISON OF HEPATIC LIPIDS AMONG OBESE AND NONOBESE NAFLD/NASH 2 PHOSPHOLIPIDS IN NAFLD AND NASH 2 1 LINKING HEPATIC TRIGLYCERIDE TO PHOSPHOLIPID IN NAFLD 2 2 COMPARISON OF HEPATIC PHOSPHOLIPID AMONG OBESE AND NONOBESE NAFLD/NASH 2 3 COMPARISON OF HEPATIC PHOSPHOLIPID RATIOS AMONG OBESE AND NONOBESE NAFLD/NASH 3 PHOSPHOLIPID-METABOLIZING GENES IN OBESITY AND NAFLD 3 1 PLA2G6 OR IPLA2? IN OBESITY AND NAFLD 3 2 EFFECTS OF IPLA2? DE?CIENCY ON PHOSPHOLIPIDS IN OBESE OB/OB AND HFD-FED MICE 3 3 EFFECTS OF IPLA2? DE?CIENCY ON PHOSPHOLIPIDS IN MCD-FED MICE 4 SUMMARIZED FINDINGS AND PROPOSED MECHANISMS 5 PERSPECTIVES 5 1 USE OF IPLA2? ANTAGONISTS FOR STEATOSIS PROTECTION IN OBESE VERSUS NONOBESE NAFLD 5 2 CONSIDERATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS 6 CONCLUSIONS 21 VITAMIN D3 AND LIVER PROTECTION 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 MECHANISM OF ACTION 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2 1 DRUGS 2 2 STUDY DESIGN 2 3 INDUCTION OF ACUTE HEPATOTOXICITY 2 4 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 3 RESULTS 4 DISCUSSION 22 THE ROLE OF CARBOHYDRATE RESPONSE ELEMENT–BINDING PROTEIN IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIVER DISEASES 1 INTRODUCTION 2 CHREBP, A GLUCOSE-ACTIVATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR THAT REGULATES GLUCOSE AND LIPID METABOLISM 3 DIETARY COMPOSITION AND CHREBP 4 CHREBP AND LIVER DISEASES 4 3 LIVER TUMORS 4 4 VIRUS INFECTION 4 5 GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASES 5 SUPPLEMENT AND CHREBP 5 1 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS 5 2 KETONE BODIES 5 3 VINEGAR (ACETIC ACID) 5 4 POLYPHENOLS 23 TRANS FATTY ACID IN THE LIVER AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 1 INTRODUCTION 2 HYDROGENATION PROCESS 3 BIOCHEMICAL METABOLISM 4 TRANS FATTY ACIDS AND LIVER DAMAGE 4 1 CELL CULTURE 4 2 ANIMAL MODELS 4 3 HUMAN TRIALS 5 TRANS FATTY ACIDS AND THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 5 1 ANIMAL STUDIES 5 2 HUMAN TRIALS 6 FINAL CONSIDERATIONS 24 FISH OIL SUPPLEMENTS DURING PERINATAL LIFE: IMPACT ON THE LIVER OF OFFSPRING 1 INTRODUCTION 2 ROLE OF FATTY ACIDS IN FETAL DEVELOPMENT 3 FATTY ACIDS AND EPIGENETICS 4 FISH OIL SUPPLEMENTS DURING PREGNANCY 5 PREVALENCE AND PATHOGENIC ASPECTS OF NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE 6 FETAL PROGRAMMING ORIGINS OF NAFLD 7 POTENTIAL PROTECTIVE ROLE OF FISH OIL IN THE NAFLD DEVELOPMENT 25 PURPLE RICE BRAN IMPROVES HEPATIC INSULIN SIGNALING VIA ACTIVATION OF AKT AND STABILIZATION OF IGF IN DIABETIC RATS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 METHODS 2 1 TISSUE PREPARATION AND HOMOGENIZATION 2 2 DETERMINATION OF TISSUE PROTEIN CONCENTRATION 2 3 ONE-DIMENSIONAL SDS-PAGE ANALYSIS 2 4 IN-GEL TRYPTIC DIGESTION BEFORE LC-MS/MS ANALYSIS 2 5 PEPTIDE IDENTI?CATION AND QUANTITATION BY LC-MS/MS ANALYSIS 2 6 BIOINFORMATICS ANALYSIS 2 7 CON?RMATION OF CANDIDATE GENES AND THEIR AFFECTED PROTEINS 2 8 MRNA LEVEL OF AFFECTED GENES BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR 2 9 AFFECTED PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVEL BY WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS 2 10 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 3 1 LC-MS/MS ANALYSIS AND HEPATIC PROTEINS IDENTI?CATION 3 2 FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES OF IDENTI?ED HEPATIC PROTEINS OF DIABETIC RATS AND DIABETIC RATS WITH PURPLE RICE BRAN SUPPLEMENT 3 3 BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS OF UNIQUE PROTEINS FOUND IN THE HEPATIC TISSUES OF DIABETIC RATS AND DIABETIC RATS WITH PURPLE RICE BRAN SUPPLEMENT 3 4 MRNA EXPRESSION LEVEL OF CANDIDATE GENES OF DIABETIC RATS’ LIVER 3 5 MRNA EXPRESSION LEVEL OF RANGAP1 GENE 3 6 MRNA EXPRESSION LEVEL OF CANDIDATE GENES OF PURPLE RICE BRAN–SUPPLEMENTED DIABETIC RATS’ LIVER 3 7 MRNA EXPRESSION LEVEL OF AFFECTED GENES FROM HEPATIC PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS 3 8 PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVEL OF AFFECTED PROTEINS FROM HEPATIC PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS 4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION SECTION V TOXIC DIETARY MATERIALS INCLUDING ALCOHOL-INDUCED LIVER DYSFUNCTION: TREATMENT 26 HEAVY METALS AND LOW-OXYGEN MICROENVIRONMENT—ITS IMPACT ON LIVER METABOLISM AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION 1 INTRODUCTION 2 HEAVY METALS AND ITS INTERACTIONS 2 1 HEAVY METAL TOXICITIES: NICKEL AND LEAD 3 HYPOXIA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 3 1 HYPOXIA MICROENVIRONMENT 3 2 HYPOXIA AND HEAVY METALS (NICKEL AND LEAD) 4 HEAVY METALS IN LIVER DISEASES 4 1 HEAVY METALS AND LIVER PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NICKEL AND LEAD) 4 2 POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF ALTERED HEPATOCELLULAR ARCHITECTURE BY HEAVY METALS 5 HYPOXIA AND LIVER DISEASES 5 1 HYPOXIA—LIVER HISTOPATHOLOGY 5 2 HYPOXIA AND HEAVY METALS (NICKEL AND LEAD)—LIVER HISTOPATHOLOGY 6 HEAVY METALS (NICKEL AND LEAD), HYPOXIA, AND LIVER FUNCTIONS— ROLE OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATIONS 6 1 HEAVY METALS, LIVER FUNCTIONS, AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION 6 2 HYPOXIA, LIVER FUNCTION, AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION 6 3 HEAVY METALS, HYPOXIA, AND LIVER FUNCTIONS—DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION 7 CONCLUSION 27 CADMIUM AND FULLERENES IN LIVER DISEASES 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM AND HEPATOTOXICITY 2 LIVER AND OXIDATIVE STRESS 2 1 OXIDATIVE STRESS AND LIVER DISORDERS 3 CADMIUM AS THE MODEL OF HEPATOTOXICITY 3 1 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF CADMIUM TOXICITY 3 2 CADMIUM AND OXIDATIVE STRESS 3 3 CADMIUM AND LIVER INJURY IN ANIMALS 3 4 CADMIUM AND MITOCHONDRIA 4 FULLERENES AND LIVER PROTECTION 4 1 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF FULLERENES 4 2 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF FULLERENES 4 3 FULLERENES AS THE PROTECTORS IN THE CARBON TETRACHLORIDE MODEL OF LIVER TOXICITY 28 BENE?CIAL EFFECTS OF NATURAL COMPOUNDS ON HEAVY METAL–INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY 1 INTRODUCTION 2 ARSENIC HEPATOTOXICITY 2 1 MECHANISMS OF ARSENIC-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY 3 CADMIUM HEPATOTOXICITY 3 1 MECHANISMS OF CADMIUM- INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY 4 CHROMIUM HEPATOTOXICITY 4 1 MECHANISMS OF CHROMIUM- INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY 5 COPPER HEPATOTOXICITY 5 1 MECHANISMS OF COPPER-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY 6 LEAD HEPATOTOXICITY 6 1 MECHANISMS OF LEAD-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY 7 MERCURY HEPATOTOXICITY 7 1 MECHANISMS OF MERCURY-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY 8 EFFECTS OF NATURAL PRODUCTS ON HEAVY METAL–INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY 8 1 VITAMINS C AND E 8 2 CURCUMIN 8 3 N-ACETYLCYSTEINE 8 4 ?-LIPOIC ACID 8 5 MELATONIN 8 6 FLAVONOID-RICH EXTRACTS 8 7 ANTHOCYANIDINS 8 8 QUERCETIN 8 9 NARINGENIN 8 10 BLACK TEA 8 11 OLIVE OIL 8 12 SESAME OIL 8 13 COMBINATION THERAPY 29 NUTRITIONAL AND DIETARY INTERVENTIONS FOR NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 EPIDEMIOLOGY 3 RISK FACTORS 4 PATHOGENESIS 5 CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS 6 HISTOPATHOLOGY 7 DIAGNOSIS 8 NATURAL COURSE AND OUTCOMES 9 TREATMENT 9 1 LIFESTYLE MODI?CATION FOR NAFLD 9 2 PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT 9 3 BARIATRIC SURGERY AND ENDOSCOPIC BARIATRIC INTERVENTION 10 CONCLUSIONS 30 DIETARY MANAGEMENT OF NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) BY N-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID (PUFA) SUPPLEMENTATION: A PERSPECTIVE ON THE ROLE OF N-3 PUFA-DERIVED LIPID MEDIATORS 1 BACKGROUND 2 NAFLD—WORLDWIDE BURDEN 3 DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES: A GLANCE AT FRUCTOSE 4 HEPATIC FRUCTOSE METABOLISM 5 FRUCTOSE, THE COMMON ETIOLOGICAL FACTOR OF NAFLD 6 MANAGEMENT OF NAFLD 7 PHARMACOTHERAPY 8 LIFESTYLE INTERVENTION 9 DIETARY FAT 10 METABOLIC FATE OF N-3 LONG-CHAIN PUFA: BIOACTIVE LIPID MEDIATORS 11 EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID (EPA; C20:5N-3)–DERIVED LIPID MEDIATORS 12 DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID (DHA; C22:6N-3)–DERIVED LIPID MEDIATORS 13 N-3 PUFA AND NAFLD 14 LIPID MEDIATORS OF N-3 PUFA AND NAFLD 15 CONCLUSION