COMPREHENSIVE CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
CONTENTS I CONCEPTS, THEORIES, METHODS 1 HISTORY OF ADULT COGNITIVE AGING RESEARCH INTRODUCTION ADULT STAGES OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT A STAGE MODEL OF ADULT COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT ASSESSMENT OF INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONS A TEST OF INTELLIGENCE THE NATURE OF INTELLIGENCE INTELLIGENCE AS MULTIPLE ABILITIES PRACTICAL OR EVERYDAY INTELLIGENCE INTELLIGENCE AND AGE CRYSTALLIZED AND FLUID INTELLIGENCE EARLY CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES LONGITUDINAL STUDIES COHORT DIFFERENCES MAGNITUDE OF CHANGE FREQUENCY OF DECLINE PERSONALITY AND LIFESTYLES SUMMARY REFERENCES FURTHER READING 2 MEASUREMENT AND MODELS FOR MULTI-TIMESCALE PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN AGING RESEARCH INTRODUCTION MATCHING THE RESEARCH DESIGN TO THE QUESTION MODELING REVIEW CROSS-SECTIONAL MODELS AUTOREGRESSIVE AND CROSSLAG MODELS LATENT GROWTH CURVES AND MULTILEVEL MODELS THE CHANGING DATA LANDSCAPE MULTI-TIMESCALE PROCESSES AND RESEARCH DESIGNS MEASURING AND MODELING MULTISCALE PROCESSES FROM INTENSIVE TIME SERIES DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS AND ATTRACTORS DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS MODELS IN AGING CHALLENGES PLANNING FOR THE LONG TERM PRIVACY, LINKING, AND DATA SHARING INCOMPLETENESS AND ATTRITION RELIABILITY VERSUS SENSITIVITY MEASUREMENT INVARIANCE OVER TIME EMERGING OPPORTUNITIES INTRINSIC CAPACITY AND FUNCTIONAL ABILITY CONCLUSION II BIO-PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS IN AGING 3 FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY IN AGING GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND OUTLINE OF CHAPTER FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY THE DEFAULT MODE NETWORK FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY IN AGING WITHIN-NETWORK CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN-NETWORK CONNECTIVITY WHOLE-BRAIN CONNECTIVITY DYNAMICS COGNITION AND FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY AS A BIOMARKER FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY AS A GENERAL BIOMARKER FOR BRAIN HEALTH CONNECTIVITY AS AN EARLY MARKER FOR NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS RELEVANT TO AGING RESEARCH SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 4 MEMORY: BEHAVIOR AND NEURAL BASIS WHAT IS MEMORY, AND WHAT IS AGING? BRAIN AGING AND MEMORY: A COMPLEX AND DYNAMIC RELATIONSHIP CONTROL AND ASSOCIATION: MAJOR INFLUENCES ON AGE DIFFERENCES IN MEMORY THE CONTROLLED PROCESSING PARADOX: IMPORTANT AND IMPAIRED ASSOCIATIONAL MEMORY MAY BE ESPECIALLY IMPAIRED IN AGING DEFAULT NETWORK DYSREGULATION MODIFYING FACTORS: QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE EFFECTS INTERVENTIONS: HOPE FOR IMPROVEMENT? SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 5 EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS AND NEUROCOGNITIVE AGING OVERVIEW MEASURING EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS EXECUTIVE DEFICIT THEORIES OF COGNITIVE AGING INHIBITORY DEFICIT THEORY (HASHER & ZACKS) GOAL MAINTENANCE DEFICIT (BRAVER & WEST) PRODUCTION DEFICIT HYPOTHESIS FRONTAL LOBE HYPOTHESIS OF COGNITIVE AGING A CURRENT PERSPECTIVE ON EXECUTIVE DEFICIT THEORIES OF COGNITIVE AGING DO EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS SHOW THE EARLIEST AND DISPROPORTIONATE DECLINE? CROSS-SECTIONAL EVIDENCE FOR DISPROPORTIONATE EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS DECLINE? LONGITUDINAL EVIDENCE FOR EARLIER EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS DECLINE? DO BRAIN REGIONS LINKED TO EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS SHOW THE EARLIEST AND DISPROPORTIONATE DECLINE? AGING AND THE NEURAL SUBSTRATES OF EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS RELATIVE DEGREE AND ONSET OF PREFRONTAL CORTEX DECLINE EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX PROCESSES AS COMPENSATORY AND PROTECTIVE EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS, THE FRONTAL LOBES, AND LIFELONG AGING 6 PAIN IN OLDER ADULTS OVERVIEW OF PAIN DEFINITIONS OF PAIN THEORIES OF PAIN PAIN AND AGING PAIN IN OLDER ADULTS EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PAIN IN OLDER ADULTS CROSS-NATIONAL ESTIMATES OF CHRONIC PAIN AGE DIFFERENCES IN PAIN FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO PAIN IN OLDER ADULTS CONSEQUENCES OF PAIN IN OLDER ADULTS PAIN MANAGEMENT IN OLDER ADULTS PAIN ASSESSMENT PAIN MANAGEMENT 7 SLEEP, NEUROCOGNITION, AND AGING, INCLUDING SECULAR TRENDS IN OLDER ADULT SLEEP SLEEP THROUGH THE LIFE SPAN REDUCTIONS IN SLOW WAVE ACTIVITY SLEEP SPINDLE CHANGES ALTERATIONS OF SLEEP PARAMETERS CIRCADIAN RHYTHM CHANGES ETIOLOGIES OF SLEEP CHANGES OVER THE LIFE SPAN ETIOLOGIES OF SLEEP DISTURBANCES IN OLDER ADULTS PRIMARY SLEEP DISORDERS MEDICATIONS, SUBSTANCES, SLEEP, AND COGNITION NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS AND SLEEP BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES OF TREATING SLEEP PROBLEMS IN OLDER ADULTS CONCLUSIONS 8 THE FINAL CHALLENGE OF AGING: DEATH AND DYING TERROR MANAGEMENT THEORY IMPLICATIONS OF TERROR MANAGEMENT THEORY FOR OLDER ADULTS APPROACHING DEATH AGING AND DEATH-RELATED ANXIETY THE MEDICAL AND LIFESTYLE PRAGMATICS OF THE DYING PROCESS FOR OLDER ADULTS DENIAL AND AVOIDANCE IN COMMUNICATING LIFE-LIMITING DIAGNOSES PREPARATION FOR END-OF-LIFE THE HOSPICE AND PALLIATIVE CARE MOVEMENT DEATH WITH DIGNITY III BEHAVIORAL PROCESSES 9 SMARTPHONES, ROBOTS, AND SOCIAL MEDIA: AGING WITH COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AGING WITH COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY CONTENTS SMARTPHONES SOCIAL MEDIA VIDEO GAMING VIRTUAL REALITY SMART HOME TECHNOLOGY ROBOTS CONCLUDING REMARKS 10 SELF-PERCEPTIONS AND AWARENESS OF AGING: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR SUBJECTIVE AGING RESEARCH SUBJECTIVE AGE: STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS SELF-PERCEPTIONS AND AWARENESS OF AGING: THE PAST SELF-PERCEPTIONS AND AWARENESS OF AGING: THE PRESENT SELF-PERCEPTIONS OF AGING: CONCEPTUAL AND MEASUREMENT CONSIDERATIONS AWARENESS OF AGE-RELATED CHANGE: CONCEPTUAL AND MEASUREMENT CONSIDERATIONS EMPIRICAL FINDINGS ON THE ROLE OF SELF-PERCEPTIONS AND AWARENESS OF AGING SECULAR TRENDS/COHORT DIFFERENCES IN SELF-PERCEPTIONS AND AWARENESS OF AGING SELF-PERCEPTIONS AND AWARENESS OF AGING: THE FUTURE FOCUS ON PATHWAYS AND MECHANISMS ELABORATING DEVELOPMENTAL ANTECEDENTS, CORRELATES, AND TRAJECTORIES EXAMINING THE MODIFIABILITY OF SELF-PERCEPTIONS OF AGING CHANGING THE SOCIETAL CONTEXT OF SELF-PERCEPTIONS OF AGING ACKNOWLEDGMENT 11 GENDER DIVERSITY IN LATER LIFE GENDER IDENTITY TERMS REDEFINING THE GENDER BINARY GENDER IDENTITY THROUGHOUT THE LIFE SPAN RESEARCH FINDINGS GENDER AFFIRMATION AGING AND GENDER IDENTITY UNIQUE CHALLENGES FACED BY GENDER DIVERSE ELDERS IMPROVING OUTCOMES FOR GENDER DIVERSE ELDERS FOCUS ON RESILIENCE POLICIES AND STEPS TO PROMOTE INCLUSIVITY IN HEALTHCARE PRACTICE AFFIRMATIVE CARE 12 FINANCIAL DECISION-MAKING AND CAPACITY IN OLDER ADULTS INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS FINANCIAL CAPACITY? LEGAL, CLINICAL AND ETHICAL PERSPECTIVES THE FINANCIAL CAPACITY PROBLEM: COGNITIVE AGING AND DISORDERS OF AGING CLINICAL WARNING SIGNS OF DIMINISHED FINANCIAL CAPACITY CHALLENGES IN MODELING FINANCIAL CAPACITY CLINICAL MODEL OF FINANCIAL CAPACITY APPROACHES TO ASSESSING FINANCIAL CAPACITY ASSESSING PREMORBID FINANCIAL CAPACITY SELF AND INFORMANT-BASED ASSESSMENT PERFORMANCE-BASED ASSESSMENT CLINICAL INTERVIEW ASSESSMENT OF FINANCIAL CAPACITY EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF FINANCIAL CAPACITY FINANCIAL CAPACITY IN PATIENTS WITH MILD AND MODERATE ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE FINANCIAL CAPACITY IN PATIENTS WITH MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL PREDICTORS OF FINANCIAL CAPACITY NEUROIMAGING STUDIES OF FINANCIAL CAPACITY NEUROIMAGING APPROACHES TO STUDYING FINANCIAL CAPACITY NEUROIMAGING STUDIES OF FINANCIAL CAPACITY IN A MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT AND ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE NEUROIMAGING STUDIES OF FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING IN COGNITIVELY NORMAL OLDER ADULTS NONCOGNITIVE CONTRIBUTIONS TO FINANCIAL CAPACITY IN AGING PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO FINANCIAL CAPACITY RELATIONSHIP OF PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE/MEDICAL FRAILTY TO FINANCIAL CAPACITY IN AGING CULTURAL AND SOCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO FINANCIAL CAPACITY IN AGING RESILIENCE AND FINANCIAL CAPACITY IN AGING FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS DETECTING VERY EARLY FINANCIAL DECLINES IN COGNITIVELY NORMAL ELDERLY STUDY OF FINANCIAL CAPACITY IN OTHER OLDER ADULT CLINICAL POPULATIONS STUDY OF NONCOGNITIVE CONTRIBUTIONS TO FINANCIAL CAPACITY IN AGING EVOLUTION OF FINANCIAL CAPACITY IN A TECHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY 13 THE OLDER WORKER: GENDER AND AGE DISCRIMINATION IN THE WORKPLACE THE WHAT, WHERE, AND WHEN OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST OLDER WORKERS HIRING DISCRIMINATION ON-THE-JOB DISCRIMINATION CONTENTS DISCRIMINATION AT JOB SEPARATION WHY DOES DISCRIMINATION AGAINST OLDER WORKERS OCCUR? FROM STEREOTYPES OF, TO DISCRIMINATION TOWARD OLDER WORKERS THE POWERFUL PRESCRIPTIVE EFFECTS OF AGE NORMS AT THE INTERSECTION OF AGE AND GENDER: THE CASE OF FEMALE OLDER WORKERS DO OLDER FEMALE WORKERS HAVE IT WORSE? GENDERED AGEISM AND “LOOKISM” CONCLUSION AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 14 REMEMBERING THE PERSONAL PAST ACROSS ADULTHOOD COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY TRADITION: ECOLOGICAL, EVERYDAY MEMORY THE PERSONAL PAST: EMPIRICAL RESEARCH IN COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY GERONTOLOGICAL TRADITION: REMINISCENCE AND LIFE REVIEW THE PERSONAL PAST: EMPIRICAL RESEARCH IN GERONTOLOGY PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY TRADITION: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL REASONING AND THE LIFE STORY THE PERSONAL PAST: EMPIRICAL RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY BRIDGING TRADITIONS FUNCTIONS OF AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY IV COMPLEX PROCESSES 15 PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS ASSESSMENT OF NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE ASSESSMENT OF LATE LIFE NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS ESTABLISHING ETIOLOGIES CAPACITY ASSESSMENT EMERGENCE OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND PERSON-CENTERED CARE NONTRADITIONAL, UNOBTRUSIVE MEASURES OF COGNITION 16 FAMILY CARE EXCHANGES ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN THE LIFE-SPAN MODEL OF FAMILY CARE EXCHANGES COMMON RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS FOR FAMILY CARE EXCHANGES CULTURAL CONTEXT FAMILY FACTORS INDIVIDUAL FACTORS FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS IMPLICATIONS OF A LIFE-SPAN MODEL OF FAMILY CARE EXCHANGES CLINICAL AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS 17 STRESS, COPING, AND AGING STRESS FOUNDATIONAL CONCEPTS IN THE STUDY OF STRESS TRAUMA LIFE EVENTS HASSLES CHRONIC ROLE STRAIN DOES STRESS CHANGE WITH AGE? COPING FOUNDATIONAL CONCEPTS IN THE STUDY OF COPING CHANGES IN COPING WITH AGE THEORETICAL MODELS OF STRESS, COPING, AND AGING AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN MOTIVATION INCREASE IN COPING EFFICIENCY 18 RESILIENCE IN MIDLIFE AND AGING RESILIENCE AND THE LIFE COURSE CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS: DISTINGUISHING RESILIENCE FROM RELATED CONCEPTS MEASUREMENT OF RESILIENCE SCALE APPROACHES TO MEASURING RESILIENCE TRAJECTORY APPROACHES TO DEFINING AND DETECTING RESILIENCE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS RESILIENCE IN MIDLIFE DOMAIN SPECIFIC RESILIENCE IN AGING COMPARISON OF COGNITIVE RESILIENCE TO RELATED CONCEPTS PHYSICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND GENERAL RESILIENCE CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 19 SUCCESSFUL AGING: AN OBSCURE BUT OBVIOUS CONSTRUCT SEMANTICS REGARDING SUCCESSFUL AGING THE BEDROCKS OF SUCCESSFUL AGING EARLY SCIENCE THE PERSPECTIVES COLLIDE CONTENTS SUCCESSFUL AGING: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL CONCEPT OR A FUZZY ONE? SUCCESSFUL AGING: A NEW PARADIGM SUCCESSFUL AGING: A PUBLIC HEALTH IMPERATIVE INTERVENTIONS PROMOTING SUCCESSFUL AGING FUTURE DIRECTIONS 20 COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING AND DEMENTIA PREVALENCE IN BABY BOOMERS AND ADJACENT COHORTS: LONGITUDINAL AND COHORT EFFECTS INCREASE IN US AGING POPULATION (2 22 2021) CHANGES IN DIVERSITY: RACE AND ETHNICITY OF OLDER US POPULATION SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION OF BOOMERS TO INCREASES IN US AGING POPULATION US HISPANIC BABY BOOMERS BOOMER GENERATIONS WORLD WIDE COHORT AND LONGITUDINAL EFFECTS: COMPARISON OF COGNITION IN COHORTS IN MIDLIFE WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON THE BABY BOOMERS STUDY OF COGNITION IN BOOMERS MEMORY: COGNITIVE CHANGE TRAJECTORY IN MIDLIFE COHORT DIFFERENCES IN COGNITION IN OLD AGE: DIFFERENTIAL FINDINGS COHORT AND LONGITUDINAL FINDINGS FROM SEATTLE LONGITUDINAL STUDY: AGE-RELATED CHANGE FROM 50 TO 80 YEARS IN 2 COHORTS IN OLD AGE (18861913; 191448) EARLIER BORN VERSUS LATER BORN COHORTS COHORT DIFFERENCES IN RATE OF COGNITIVE AGING COHORT DIFFERENCES IN TERMINAL COGNITIVE DECLINE: TWO COHORTS IN OLD AGE (18861913; 191448) ASSESSING COMPRESSION OF MORBIDITY: TIME TO DEATH METRIC RECENT CHANGES IN PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE OF DEMENTIA AGE SPECIFIC VERSUS COHORT ANALYSES OF DEMENTIA PREVALENCE POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS DEMENTIA PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE IN NON-HISPANIC BLACK ELDERLY DISCUSSION COHORT DIFFERENCES IN VARIOUS COGNITIVE ABILITIES: MEAN LEVEL AND VARIABILITY COHORT DIFFERENCES AND COGNITIVE CHANGE IN FROM 50 TO 80 YEARS IN 2 COHORTS IN OLD AGE (18861913; 191448) COHORT DIFFERENCES IN TERMINAL DECLINE CHANGES IN PREVALENCE OF DEMENTIA AND POSSIBLE COHORT DIFFERENCES