PSYCHOLOGY AND MENTAL HYGIENE FOR NURSES
1 Introduction: psychology in nursing care 1 Learning outcomes 1 Your starting point 2 11 Introduction 3 12 A brief history of psychology 6 13 The language of psychology 9 14 What is a science? 11 15 Key qualities of a science 11 16 Researching psychology 13 17 Health and health psychology in a social world 18 18 The scope of psychology 22 19 Psychology in health and nursing care 23 110 Conclusion 25 111 Summary 26 Your end point 26 Further reading 27 Weblinks 28 2 Psychological approaches to understanding people 29 Learning outcomes 29 Your starting point 30 21 How psychology helps us to understand why people do what they do 31 22 The psychodynamic approach 32 23 Psychoanalytic theory 33 24 Evaluation of the psychodynamic approach 39 25 Behaviourism 40 26 Classical conditioning 41 27 Operant conditioning 45 28 Reinforcement and the token economy system 46 29 Evaluation of the behaviourist approach 47 210 Social learning theory 49 211 Rotter’s theory 49 212 Health locus of control 51 213 Bandura’s theory 53 214 Self-efficacy 55 215 Evaluation of social learning theory 56 216 Cognitive psychology 57 217 Cognitive behavioural therapy 60 218 Humanistic psychology 62 219 Rogers’ person–centred approach 65 220 Evaluation of the humanistic approach 68 221 Conclusion 68 222 Summary 69 Your end point 70 Further reading 71 Weblinks 72 3 Psychology across the lifespan 73 Learning outcomes 73 Your starting point 74 31 Introduction 75 32 Piaget’s theory of cognitive development 75 33 Attachment 82 34 Ecological systems theory 83 35 Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of development 85 36 Erikson’s theory of personality development 86 37 Adolescence – storm and stress 88 38 Putting theories into action 89 39 Working with older adults 90 310 Cognitive changes in adulthood 93 311 Social changes in late adulthood 94 312 Dementia 95 313 Death and dying 98 314 Children’s understanding of loss 98 315 Models of grief 101 316 Conclusion 104 317 Summary 104 Your end point 105 Further reading 106 Weblinks 107 4 Social processes 109 Learning outcomes 109 Your starting point 110 41 Introduction 111 42 Non-verbal communication 112 43 Attitudes 118 44 Stereotyping 121 45 Persuasion, conformity and compliance 122 46 Power and status 132 47 Conclusion 134 48 Summary 135 Your end point 135 Further reading 136 Weblinks 137 5 Perception, memory and providing information 139 Learning outcomes 139 Your starting point 140 51 Introduction 141 52 Perception 142 53 Memory 147 54 Attention 150 55 Information presentation 155 56 The role of cues 157 57 The role of perceived importance 158 58 Mnemonic aids 158 59 Compliance, adherence and concordance to treatment 160 510 Causes of non-adherence 161 511 Cognitive models of health behaviour 164 512 Social cognition models 167 513 Strategies for changing risk behaviour 169 514 Conclusion 175 515 Summary 175 Your end point 176 Further reading 177 Weblinks 177 6 Stress and stress management 179 Learning outcomes 179 Your starting point 180 61 Introduction 181 62 What is stress? 182 63 Models of stress 183 64 Coping with stress – how to do it 187 65 The link between stress and health 189 66 How does stress affect health? 192 67 We need friends – social support 197 68 How to deal with stress 200 69 Does it work? 204 610 Stress and nursing practice 204 611 Conclusion 205 612 Summary 205 Your end point 206 Further reading 207 Weblinks 207 7 The psychology of pain 209 Learning outcomes 209 Your starting point 210 71 Introduction 211 72 What is pain? 212 73 Concepts of pain 214 74 The gate control theory of pain 216 75 Psychological factors influencing pain 219 76 The assessment of pain 220 77 The management of pain 227 78 Behavioural approaches to pain and pain management 233 79 Cognitive approaches 234 710 Conclusion 237 711 Summary 237 Your end point 238 Further reading 239 Weblinks 240