COMPREHENSIVE CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
10 01 INTRODUCTION TO DIVERSITY IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 10 02 CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 10 03 CULTURAL BIAS IN TESTING OF INTELLIGENCE AND PERSONALITY 10 04 CROSS-CULTURAL CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 10 05 CULTURAL COMPETENCE TRAINING IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: ASSESSMENT, CLINICAL INTERVENTION, AND RESEARCH 10 06 RECONSTRUCTING RACE, RETHINKING ETHNICITY 10 07 THE PSYCHOLOGY OF GENDER AND HEALTH 10 08 A CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE ON FAMILIESACROSS THE LIFE CYCLE: PATTERNS, ASSESSMENT, AND INTERVENTION OUTLINE 10 09 SEXUAL ORIENTATION 10 10 DIVERSITY MATTERS: RELIGION AND THE PRACTICE OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 10 11 MENTAL HEALTH IN RURAL SOCIETY INTERPRETATION IN INTERNATIONAL CLINICAL SETTINGS 10 13 MENTAL HEALTH IN THE ARAB WORLD 10 14 PERSPECTIVES FROM LITHUANIA CONTENTS 10 15 FROM A MONOCULTURAL IDENTITY TO DIVERSITY IDENTITY: A PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL FOR DIVERSITY MANAGEMENT IN SOUTH AFRICAN ORGANIZATIONS 10 16 CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY IN ASIA: A TAIWANESE PERSPECTIVE 10 17 CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY IN AOTEAROA/ NEW ZEALAND: INDIGENOUS PERSPECTIVES 10 18 PERSPECTIVES FROM SUB-SAHARA AFRICA INTRODUCTION TO DIVERSITY IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 10 01 1 INTRODUCTION 10 01 2 DEFINITIONS 10 01 2 1 CULTURE 10 01 2 2 CULTURAL SYNDROMES 10 01 2 3 IDENTITY 10 01 2 4 ACCULTURATION 10 01 2 5 ECOLOGY 10 01 2 6 PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES 10 01 2 7 CULTURAL DISTANCE 10 01 2 8 CULTURE SHOCK 10 01 2 9 ETHNOCENTRISM 10 01 2 10 RACISM 10 01 2 11 PREJUDICE 10 01 2 12 EMIC AND ETIC ASPECTS OF CULTURE 10 01 2 13 AN INTEGRATIVE EXAMPLE OF THESE DEFINITIONS 10 01 3 WORLD VIEWS 10 01 3 1 CULTURAL COMPLEXITY 10 01 3 2 TIGHTNESS±LOOSENESS 10 01 3 3 COLLECTIVISM 10 01 3 4 INDIVIDUALISM 10 01 3 5 HORIZONTALITY 10 01 3 6 VERTICALITY 10 01 3 7 ACTIVE±PASSIVE 10 01 3 8 HONOR 10 01 3 9 UNIVERSALISM±PARTICULARISM 10 01 3 10 DIFFUSENESS±SPECIFICITY 10 01 3 11 ASCRIPTION±ACHIEVEMENT 10 01 3 12 INSTRUMENTAL±EXPRESSIVE 10 01 3 13 VALUE ORIENTATIONS 10 01 3 14 DIONYSIAN VS APOLLONIAN CULTURES 10 01 4 METHODOLOGIES FOR THE STUDY OF WORLD VIEWS 10 01 4 1 SOME GENERAL STRATEGIES 10 01 4 2 GOOD THEORY CAN ELIMINATE SOME RIVAL HYPOTHESES 10 01 4 3 METHODS THAT CAN ESTABLISH MEASUREMENT EQUIVALENCE ACROSS CULTURES 10 01 4 4 EMICS AND ETICS IN CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH 10 01 4 5 HOW TO USE EMIC MEASUREMENTS OF ETIC CONSTRUCTS 10 01 4 5 1 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS 10 01 4 6 EXAMPLES OF MULTIMETHOD MEASUREMENTS 10 01 4 6 1 ETHNOGRAPHIC WORK 10 01 4 6 2 ESTABLISHING SHARED COGNITIONS 10 01 4 6 3 CONCLUSIONS COMPREHENSIVE CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 10 01 4 7 TRANSLATIONS 10 01 4 8 ETHICS OF CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES 10 01 4 9 ETHNOCENTRIC AND ANDROCENTRIC BIAS OF RESEARCHERS 10 01 4 10 SUMMARY OF CRITERIA OF GOOD CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH 10 01 5 ACCULTURATION 10 01 6 IDENTITIES OF AFRICAN- AND EUROPEAN-AMERICANS AS AN EXAMPLE OF THE IDENTITIES OF CLINICIANS AND CLIENTS 10 01 7 METHODS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE CULTURE OF THE CLIENT 10 01 7 1 METHODS OF CULTURE LEARNING 10 01 7 1 1 CULTURE-GENERAL VS CULTURE-SPECIFIC TRAINING 10 01 7 1 2 SELF-INSIGHT 10 01 7 1 3 EXPERIENTIAL TRAINING 10 01 7 1 4 EXPOSURE TO MANY LOCAL CULTURES 10 01 7 1 5 FIELD TRIPS 10 01 7 1 6 CULTURE ASSIMILATORS OR INTERCULTURAL SENSITIZERS 10 01 7 1 7 BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION CROSS-CULTURAL TRAINING 10 01 7 1 8 SOME SUMMARY POINTS ABOUT TRAINING 10 01 8 FUTURE DIRECTIONS 10 01 9 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 10 01 10 REFERENCES 10 01 1 INTRODUCTION CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS DEAL WITH MANY KINDS OF DIVERSITY WHILE DIVERSITY DUE TO CULTURE MAY BE THE MOST IMPORANT KIND THAT AFFECTS THEIR WORK, IT IS USEFUL TO REMEMBER THAT DIVERSITY IN SOCIAL CLASS, SEXUAL ORIENTATION, GENDER DEFINI- TIONS, DISABILITIES, POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES, ESTHETIC PREFERENCES, RELIGION, AND THE DEFINITION OF WHAT IS ªTRUEº MAY ALSO AFFECT THEIR PRACTICE DIVERSITY MAY BE DEFINED AS THE CONDITION OF INTERACTING WITH ANOTHER PERSON WHO IS PER- CEIVED TO BE ªDIFFERENT º IT IS A CONDITION WHICH IS INCREASINGLY MORE FREQUENT, SINCE MOST SOCIETIES ARE MULTICULTURAL AND A NUMBER OF FACTORS FAVOR INTERACTIONS AMONG THE CULTURES IN THE US THE CLIENTS OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS ARE BECOMING MORE DIFFERENT FROM THE WHITE MIDDLE-CLASS WHICH WAS THE USUAL CLIENTELE OF THESE PROFES- SIONALS A FEW YEARS AGO IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO DEAL WITH ALL THE ASPECTS OF DIVERSITY IN ONE CHAPTER, SO THE FOCUS WILL BE ON CULTURE HOWEVER, SOME OF THE OTHER KINDS OF DIVERSITY (E G , IN RELIGION OR SOCIAL CLASS) DO INTERACT WITH CULTURAL DIFFERENCES, AND SOME OF THE EXPERIENCE WHICH CLINICIANS HAVE ACQUIRED IN DEALING WITH THESE OTHER KINDS OF DIVERSITY MAY PROVE USEFUL IN DEALING WITH CULTURAL DIVERSITY THIS CHAPTER WILL BEGIN WITH DEFINITIONS OF CONCEPTS SUCH AS CULTURE, AND THE RELEVANCE OF ETHNOCENTRISM, PREJUDICE, AND RACISM IN MAKING JUDGMENTS ABOUT THE BEHAVIOR OF OTHER HUMANS IT WILL ALSO EXAMINE THE TERMINOLOGY FOR DEALING WITH WHAT IS CULTURE-COMMON (ETIC) AND CULTURE- SPECIFIC (EMIC) SECTION 10 01 3 WILL DESCRIBE SOME OF THE DIVERSITY OF WORLD VIEWS AND VALUES, AND WILL EXAMINE METHODOLOGIES WHICH CAN PROVIDE RELIABLE INFORMATION CONCERNING SUCH WORLD VIEWS THE FOCUS WILL BE ON HELPING CLINICIANS DISCRIMINATE RELIABLE FROM UNRELIABLE CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES, SO THAT THEY CAN BEGIN DEVELOPING A BODY OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT CULTURAL DIFFERENCES THEN, THE CHAPTER WILL EXAMINE THE RELATIONSHIP OF ACCULTURATION TO VARIETIES OF CULTURAL IDENTITY (IN BOTH THE MAJORITY AND MINORITY CULTURE) FINALLY, IT WILL DESCRIBE METHODS AND PROCEDURES THAT CLINICIANS CAN USE TO DEVELOP MORE DETAILED UNDERSTANDINGS OF OTHER CULTURES, AND TO IMPROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THEIR BEHAVIOR WHEN INTERACTING WITH DIVERSE CLIENTS 10 01 2 DEFINITIONS 10 01 2 1 CULTURE CULTURE IS TO SOCIETY WHAT MEMORY IS TO INDIVIDUALS (KLUCKHOHN, 1954, P 967) IT INCLUDES ALL THE THINGS WHICH HAVE ªWORKEDº IN THE HISTORY OF AN INTERACTING GROUP OF HUMANS, AND HAVE BECOME UNSTATED ASSUMPTIONS, STAN- DARD OPERATING PROCEDURES, STANDARDS OF PER- CEIVING, JUDGING, DECIDING, AND ACTING CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGISTS (E G , KROEBER & KLUCKHOHN, 1952) HAVE DEVELOPED MORE THAN 100 DEFINITIONS OF ªCULTURE,º SUCH AS THAT CULTURE IS THE HUMAN- MADE PART OF THE ENVIRONMENT (HERSKOVITS, 1955) SUCH A DEFINITION IS TOO BROAD, BUT IT DOES HAVE THE ADVANTAGE THAT WE CAN ASK: IS THIS PARTICULAR ELEMENT HUMAN-MADE? FOR INSTANCE, IS THIS BELIEF HUMAN-MADE? THEN IT IS AN ASPECT OF CULTURE THE HERSKOVITS' DEFINITION CAN BECOME MORE USEFUL IF WE DISTINGUISH MATERIAL CULTURE (TOOLS, ROADS, HOUSES) FROM SUBJECTIVE CULTURE COMPREHENSIVE CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY