ESSENTIALS OF PHYSICS
CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO SOLID STATE PHYSICS 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM 1 2 1 ELECTRON ORBITS 1 2 2 THE BOHR MODEL OF THE ATOM 1 2 3 ELECTRON FILLING, QUANTUM THEORY AND QUANTUM NUMBERS 1 3 THE PERIODIC TABLE 1 4 INTERATOMIC BONDING 1 4 1 IONIC BONDING 1 4 2 COVALENT BONDING 1 4 3 MIXED COVALENT AND LONIC BONDING 1 4 4 METALLIC BONDING 1 4 5 HYDROGEN BONDING 1 4 6 VAN DER WAALS BONDING 1 5 SUMMARY REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING BASIC TEXTS ADVANCED TEXTS EXERCISES NOTES CHAPTER 2 CRYSTALLINITY IN SOLIDS 2 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 ASPECTS OF SYMMETRY IN CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS 2 2 1 TRANSLATIONAL SYMMETRY 2 2 2 THE BASIS AND THE UNIT CELL 2 2 3 ELEMENTS OF SYMMETRY 2 3 BRAVAIS LATTICES 2 4 CRYSTAL PLANES AND AXES: THE MILLER INDICES 2 5 COMMON CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURES 2 6 ATOMIC PACKING 2 7 SUMMARY NOTE CHAPTER 3 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE DETERMINATION 3 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 THE RECIPROCAL LATTICE 3 3 DIFFRACTION OF WAVES BY CRYSTALS 3 3 1 BRAGG’S LAW 3 3 2 THE VON LAUE APPROACH 3 3 3 RECONCILING THE BRAGG AND VON LAUE APPROACHES 3 3 4 THE EWALD SPHERE CONSTRUCTION 3 4 THE ATOMIC FORM FACTOR 3 5 THE STRUCTURE FACTOR 3 6 DIFFRACTION METHODS FOR STRUCTURE DETERMINATION 3 6 1 X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3 6 2 ELECTRON DIFFRACTION 3 6 3 NEUTRON DIFFRACTION 3 7 SUMMARY CHAPTER 4 IMPERFECTIONS IN CRYSTALLINE ORDER 4 1 INTRODUCTION 4 2 POINT DEFECTS 4 2 1 TYPES OF POINT DEFECT 4 2 2 THERMODYNAMICS OF DEFECT DENSITY 4 2 3 DIFFUSION IN CRYSTALS 4 2 4 COLOR CENTERS 4 3 DISLOCATIONS 4 3 1 EDGE DISLOCATIONS 4 3 2 SCREW DISLOCATIONS 4 3 3 THE BURGERS VECTOR 4 3 4 DISLOCATIONS AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 4 3 5 DISLOCATION ENERGY 4 3 6 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DISLOCATIONS 4 4 PLANAR DEFECTS 4 4 1 GRAIN BOUNDARIES 4 4 2 TILT BOUNDARIES 4 4 3 TWIN BOUNDARIES 4 5 NON-CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS 4 6 SUMMARY CHAPTER 5 LATTICE VIBRATIONS 5 1 INTRODUCTION 5 2 VIBRATIONAL MODES OF A MONATOMIC LATTICE 5 2 1 ONE-DIMENSIONAL CHAIN 5 2 2 EXTENSION TO THREE-DIMENSIONS 5 2 3 NUMBER OF MODES: DENSITY OF STATES 5 3 VIBRATIONAL MODES OF A DIATOMIC 1D LATTICE 5 4 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 5 4 1 CLASSICAL SPECIFIC HEAT: DULONG AND PETIT’S LAW 5 4 2 EINSTEIN’S MODEL 5 4 3 THE DEBYE MODEL 5 5 ANHARMONIC EFFECTS 5 5 1 THERMAL EXPANSION 5 5 2 THERMAL CONDUCTION 5 5 3 UMKLAPP PROCESSES 5 6 SUMMARY CHAPTER 6 FREE ELECTRONS IN METALS 6 1 INTRODUCTION 6 2 METALLIC BEHAVIOR 6 3 THE MAXWELL - BOLTZMANN VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION 6 4 THE DRUDE THEORY 6 5 FERMI - DIRAC STATISTICS OF AN ELECTRON GAS 6 6 THE SOMMERFELD MODEL 6 7 THE DENSITY OF STATES 6 8 SPECIFIC HEAT OF AN ELECTRON GAS 6 9 PAULI PARAMAGNETISM 6 10 HIGH FREQUENCY RESPONSE AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES 6 11 SUMMARY CHAPTER 7 BAND THEORIES OF SOLIDS 7 1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 THE PERIODIC POTENTIAL 7 3 THE BLOCH THEOREM AND FUNCTIONS 7 4 THE SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION IN A PERIODIC POTENTIAL 7 5 BRILLOUIN ZONES AND THE FERMI SURFACE 7 6 THE KRONIG - PENNEY MODEL 7 7 FREE ELECTRONS IN A PERIODIC POTENTIAL 7 8 THE NEARLY FREE ELECTRON MODEL 7 9 THE TIGHT - BINDING MODEL 7 10 OTHER MODELS: POTENTIALS AND WAVE-FUNCTIONS 7 11 METALS, SEMICONDUCTORS, AND INSULATORS 7 12 SUMMARY CHAPTER 8 ELECTRON DYNAMICS AND TRANSPORT PHENOMENA 8 1 INTRODUCTION 8 2 ELECTRON DYNAMICS IN CRYSTALS 8 3 THE EFFECTIVE MASS 8 4 THE FERMI SURFACE 8 5 POSITIVE CHARGE CARRIERS: HOLES 8 6 DRIFT AND DIFFUSION OF CHARGE CARRIERS 8 7 ELECTRON SCATTERING IN BANDS 8 8 MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS 8 8 1 THE HALL EFFECT 8 8 2 CYCLOTRON RESONANCE 8 8 3 MAGNETORESISTANCE 8 8 4 MAGNETIC SUB-BANDS AND OSCILLATORY PHENOMENA IN SOLIDS 8 8 5 THE QUANTUM AND FRACTIONAL QUANTUM HALL EFFECTS 8 9 SUMMARY CHAPTER 9 SEMICONDUCTORS 9 1 INTRODUCTION 9 2 SEMICONDUCTING MATERIALS 9 3 EQUILIBRIUM STATISTICS: ELECTRONS AND HOLES 9 3 1 INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS 9 3 2 THE LAW OF MASS ACTION 9 3 3 EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS: DOPING 9 3 4 COMPENSATED SEMICONDUCTORS 9 4 NON-EQUILIBRIUM DISTRIBUTIONS 9 4 1 CARRIER INJECTION: INJECTION LEVELS 9 4 2 GENERATION AND RECOMBINATION PROCESSES 9 4 3 THE CONTINUITY EQUATIONS 9 5 THE P - N JUNCTION 9 5 1 THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM 9 5 2 THE DEPLETION ZONE 9 5 3 JUNCTION CAPACITANCE 9 5 4 CURRENT - VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS 9 6 HETEROSTRUCTURES AND QUANTUM WELLS 9 7 SUMMARY CHAPTER 10 MAGNETIC MATERIALS AND PHENOMENA 10 1 INTRODUCTION 10 2 THE ATOMIC MAGNETIC MOMENT 10 2 1 ORBITAL AND SPIN ANGULAR MOMENTA 10 2 2 HUND’S RULES AND THE GROUND STATE 10 2 3 MOMENTS AND ENERGIES 10 3 DIAMAGNETISM 10 4 PARAMAGNETISM 10 4 1 CLASSICAL TREATMENT 10 4 2 QUANTUM MECHANICAL TREATMENT 10 4 3 VAN VLECK PARAMAGNETISM 10 5 INTERACTIONS, EXCHANGE, AND MAGNETIC ORDER 10 5 1 DIPOLAR INTERACTION 10 5 2 EXCHANGE INTERACTIONS 10 6 FERROMAGNETIC ORDER 10 6 1 MEAN FIELD THEORY 10 6 2 ITINERANT FERROMAGNETISM 10 7 ANTIFERROMAGNETIC ORDER 10 8 FERRIMAGNETIC ORDER 10 9 MAGNETIC ANISOTROPIES 10 9 1 SHAPE ANISOTROPY 10 9 2 MAGNETOCRYSTALLINE ANISOTROPY 10 10 MAGNETIC DOMAINS, DOMAIN WALLS, AND HYSTERESIS 10 11 SPIN WAVES 10 12 GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE AND SPINTRONICS 10 13 SPIN DYNAMICS 10 14 SUMMARY CHAPTER 11 SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 11 1 INTRODUCTION 11 2 PHENOMENA RELATED TO SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 11 2 1 ZERO-RESISTIVITY/INFINITE CONDUCTIVITY AND PERSISTENT CURRENTS 11 2 2 MEISSNER-OCHSENFELD EFFECT 11 2 3 PERFECT DIAMAGNETISM 11 2 4 CRITICAL FIELDS AND CRITICAL CURRENT 11 3 THERMODYNAMICS OF THE SUPERCONDUCTING TRANSITION 11 3 1 PHASE STABILITY OF THE SUPERCONDUCTING STATE 11 3 2 HEAT CAPACITY OF A SUPERCONDUCTOR 11 4 THE LONDON EQUATIONS 11 5 GINZBURG - LANDAU MODEL 11 6 ELEMENTS OF THE BCS THEORY OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 11 6 1 ELECTRON - PHONON COUPLING AND COOPER PAIRS 11 6 2 THE BCS GROUND STATE 11 6 3 OUTCOMES OF THE BCS THEORY 11 7 JOSEPHSON EFFECTS 11 8 HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS 11 9 SUMMARY CHAPTER 12 DIELECTRIC MATERIALS 12 1 INTRODUCTION 12 2 SOME BASIC PROPERTIES OF DIELECTRIC MATERIALS 12 2 1 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY 12 2 2 IONIC CONDUCTION 12 2 3 DIELECTRIC BREAKDOWN 12 3 ELECTROSTATICS AND THE MAXWELL EQUATIONS 12 4 THE LOCAL FIELD APPROXIMATION 12 5 THE DIELECTRIC FUNCTION 12 5 1 ELECTRONIC POLARIZATION 12 5 2 IONIC POLARIZATION 12 5 3 THE TOTAL DIELECTRIC FUNCTION 12 6 FERROELECTRICS 12 7 PIEZOELECTRICS 12 8 MULTIFERROIC MATERIALS 12 9 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 12 9 1 THE WAVE EQUATION 12 9 2 TRANSMISSION AND REFLECTION COEFFICIENTS 12 9 3 ABSORPTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 12 9 4 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF DIELECTRICS 12 10 SUMMARY BASIC TEXTS ADVANCED TEXTS CHAPTER 13 NANOTECHNOLOGIES AND NANOPHYSICS 13 1 INTRODUCTION 13 2 THE PHYSICS OF SURFACES 13 2 1 SURFACE STRUCTURE 13 2 2 SURFACE COMPOSITION AND EXCITATION STATES 13 3 LOW DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS 13 4 ELECTRONIC AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOSTRUCTURES 13 4 1 SIZE REDUCTION AND ENERGY QUANTIZATION 13 4 2 QUANTUM POINT CONTACTS 13 4 3 THE INSULATING BARRIER AND TUNNEL JUNCTIONS 13 4 4 SINGLE ELECTRON TRANSPORT: QUANTUM DOTS AND COULOMB BLOCKADE 13 4 5 RESONANT TUNNELING 13 4 6 SINGLE ELECTRON TRANSISTOR (SET) 13 4 7 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOSTRUCTURES 13 5 ASPECTS OF NANOMAGNETISM 13 5 1 MAGNETIC LENGTH SCALES 13 5 2 THE STONER - WOHLFARTH MODEL 13 5 3 SUPERPARAMAGNETISM AND FERROMAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES 13 5 4 MAGNETIC THIN FILMS AND MULTILAYERS 13 5 5 MAGNETIC NANOSTRUCTURES 13 6 SUMMARY