MODELS OF PARTICLES AND MOVING MEDIA
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PART ONE: CONCEPTS AND PROPERTIES INTRODUCTORY REMARKS GENERAL BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS THE INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS FOR TIME-VARYING ?ELDS 2 1 1 SOLUTION OF MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS IN A VACUUM 2 1 2 WAVE EQUATIONS IN FREE SPACE PROPAGATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN THE MEDIUM 2 2 1 DE?NITIONS OF MATERIAL PARAMETERS 2 2 2 MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS IN THE PRESENCE OF MATTER 2 2 3 WAVE EQUATIONS IN THE MEDIUM OPTICAL CONSTANTS 2 3 1 REFRACTIVE INDEX 2 3 2 IMPEDANCE CHANGES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AT THE INTERFACE 2 4 1 FRESNEL’S FORMULAS FOR RE?ECTION AND TRANSMISSION 2 4 2 RE?ECTIVITY AND TRANSMISSIVITY BY NORMAL INCIDENCE 2 4 3 RE?ECTIVITY AND TRANSMISSIVITY FOR OBLIQUE INCIDENCE 2 4 4 SURFACE IMPEDANCE 2 4 5 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SURFACE IMPEDANCE AND THE RE?ECTIVITY REFERENCES FURTHER READING GENERAL PROPERTIES OF THE OPTICAL CONSTANTS LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE RESPONSES 3 1 1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 3 1 2 MATERIAL PARAMETERS 3 1 3 RESPONSE TO LONGITUDINAL ?ELDS 3 1 4 RESPONSE TO TRANSVERSE ?ELDS 3 1 5 THE ANISOTROPIC MEDIUM: DIELECTRIC TENSOR KRAMERS–KRONIG RELATIONS AND SUM RULES 3 2 1 KRAMERS–KRONIG RELATIONS 3 2 2 SUM RULES THE MEDIUM: CORRELATION AND RESPONSE FUNCTIONS CURRENT–CURRENT CORRELATION FUNCTIONS AND CONDUCTIVITY 4 1 1 TRANSVERSE CONDUCTIVITY: THE RESPONSE TO THE VECTOR POTENTIAL 4 1 2 LONGITUDINAL CONDUCTIVITY: THE RESPONSE TO THE SCALAR ?ELD THE SEMICLASSICAL APPROACH RESPONSE FUNCTION FORMALISM AND CONDUCTIVITY 4 3 1 LONGITUDINAL RESPONSE: THE LINDHARD FUNCTION 4 3 2 RESPONSE FUNCTION FOR THE TRANSVERSE CONDUCTIVITY METALS THE DRUDE AND THE SOMMERFELD MODELS 5 1 1 THE RELAXATION TIME APPROXIMATION 5 1 2 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE DRUDE MODEL 5 1 3 DERIVATION OF THE DRUDE EXPRESSION FROM THE KUBO FORMULA BOLTZMANN’S TRANSPORT THEORY 5 2 1 LIOUVILLE’S THEOREM AND THE BOLTZMANN EQUATION 5 2 2 THE Q = 0 LIMIT 5 2 3 SMALL Q LIMIT 5 2 4 THE CHAMBERS FORMULA 5 2 5 ANOMALOUS SKIN EFFECT TRANSVERSE RESPONSE FOR ARBITRARY Q VALUES LONGITUDINAL RESPONSE 5 4 1 THOMAS–FERMI APPROXIMATION: THE STATIC LIMIT FOR Q < KF 5 4 2 SOLUTION OF THE BOLTZMANN EQUATION: THE SMALL Q LIMIT 5 4 3 RESPONSE FUNCTIONS FOR ARBITRARY Q VALUES 5 4 4 SINGLE-PARTICLE AND COLLECTIVE EXCITATIONS SUMMARY OF THE ? DEPENDENT AND Q DEPENDENT RESPONSE SEMICONDUCTORS THE LORENTZ MODEL 6 1 1 ELECTRONIC TRANSITIONS 6 1 2 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE LORENTZ MODEL DIRECT TRANSITIONS 6 2 1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON ENERGY BANDS 6 2 2 TRANSITION RATE AND ENERGY ABSORPTION FOR DIRECT TRANSITIONS BAND STRUCTURE EFFECTS AND VAN HOVE SINGULARITIES 6 3 1 THE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT BELOW THE BANDGAP 6 3 2 ABSORPTION NEAR TO THE BAND EDGE INDIRECT AND FORBIDDEN TRANSITIONS 6 4 1 INDIRECT TRANSITIONS 6 4 2 FORBIDDEN TRANSITIONS EXCITONS AND IMPURITY STATES 6 5 1 EXCITONS 6 5 2 IMPURITY STATES IN SEMICONDUCTORS THE RESPONSE FOR LARGE ? AND LARGE Q BROKEN SYMMETRY STATES OF METALS SUPERCONDUCTING AND DENSITY WAVE STATES THE RESPONSE OF THE CONDENSATES 7 2 1 LONDON EQUATIONS 7 2 2 EQUATION OF MOTION FOR INCOMMENSURATE DENSITY WAVES COHERENCE FACTORS AND TRANSITION PROBABILITIES 7 3 1 COHERENCE FACTORS 7 3 2 TRANSITION PROBABILITIES THE ELECTRODYNAMICS OF THE SUPERCONDUCTING STATE 7 4 1 CLEAN AND DIRTY LIMIT SUPERCONDUCTORS, AND THE SPECTRAL WEIGHT 7 4 2 THE ELECTRODYNAMICS FOR Q ?= 7 4 3 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SUPERCONDUCTING STATE: THE MATTIS–BARDEEN FORMALISM THE ELECTRODYNAMICS OF DENSITY WAVES 7 5 1 THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF CHARGE DENSITY WAVES: THE LEE–RICE– ANDERSON FORMALISM 7 5 2 SPIN DENSITY WAVES 7 5 3 CLEAN AND DIRTY DENSITY WAVES AND THE SPECTRAL WEIGHT PART TWO: METHODS GENERAL AND MONOGRAPHS TECHNIQUES: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ENERGY SCALES RESPONSE TO BE EXPLORED SOURCES DETECTORS OVERVIEW OF RELEVANT TECHNIQUES PROPAGATION AND SCATTERING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES PROPAGATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION 9 1 1 CIRCUIT REPRESENTATION 9 1 2 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 9 1 3 TRANSMISSION LINE STRUCTURES SCATTERING AT BOUNDARIES 9 2 1 SINGLE BOUNCE 9 2 2 TWO INTERFACES RESONANT STRUCTURES 9 3 1 CIRCUIT REPRESENTATION 9 3 2 RESONANT STRUCTURE CHARACTERISTICS 9 3 3 PERTURBATION OF RESONANT STRUCTURES SPECTROSCOPIC PRINCIPLES FREQUENCY DOMAIN SPECTROSCOPY 10 1 1 ANALYSIS 10 1 2 METHODS TIME DOMAIN SPECTROSCOPY 10 2 1 ANALYSIS 10 2 2 METHODS FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTROSCOPY 10 3 1 ANALYSIS 10 3 2 METHODS MEASUREMENT CON?GURATIONS SINGLE-PATH METHODS 11 1 1 RADIO FREQUENCY METHODS 11 1 2 METHODS USING TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES 11 1 3 FREE SPACE: OPTICAL METHODS 11 1 4 ELLIPSOMETRY INTERFEROMETRIC TECHNIQUES 11 2 1 RADIO FREQUENCY BRIDGE METHODS 11 2 2 TRANSMISSION LINE BRIDGE METHODS 11 2 3 MACH–ZEHNDER INTERFEROMETER RESONANT TECHNIQUES 11 3 1 RESONANT CIRCUITS OF DISCRETE ELEMENTS 11 3 2 MICROSTRIP AND STRIPLINE RESONATORS 11 3 3 ENCLOSED CAVITIES 11 3 4 OPEN RESONATORS PART THREE: EXPERIMENTS SIMPLE METALS 12 1 1 COMPARISON WITH THE DRUDE–SOMMERFELD MODEL 12 1 2 THE ANOMALOUS SKIN EFFECT 12 1 3 BAND STRUCTURE AND ANISOTROPY EFFECTS EFFECTS OF INTERACTIONS AND DISORDER 12 2 1 IMPURITY EFFECTS 12 2 2 ELECTRON–PHONON AND ELECTRON–ELECTRON INTERACTIONS 12 2 3 STRONGLY DISORDERED METALS BAND SEMICONDUCTORS 13 1 1 SINGLE-PARTICLE DIRECT TRANSITIONS 13 1 2 FORBIDDEN AND INDIRECT TRANSITIONS 13 1 3 EXCITONS 13 2 1 OPTICAL RESPONSE OF IMPURITY STATES OF SEMICONDUCTORS 13 2 2 ELECTRON–PHONON AND ELECTRON–ELECTRON INTERACTIONS 13 2 3 AMORPHOUS SEMICONDUCTORS SUPERCONDUCTORS 14 1 1 BCS SUPERCONDUCTORS 14 1 2 NON-BCS SUPERCONDUCTORS DENSITY WAVES 14 2 1 THE COLLECTIVE MODE 14 2 2 SINGLE-PARTICLE EXCITATIONS 14 2 3 FREQUENCY AND ELECTRIC ?ELD DEPENDENT TRANSPORT