COMPACT BLUE-GREEN LASERS
CONTENTS THE NEED FOR COMPACT BLUE-GREEN LASERS A SHORT HISTORICAL OVERVIEW APPLICATIONS FOR COMPACT BLUE-GREEN LASERS OPTICAL DATA STORAGE REPROGRAPHICS COLOR DISPLAYS SUBMARINE COMMUNICATIONS SPECTROSCOPIC APPLICATIONS BIOTECHNOLOGY BLUE-GREEN AND BEYOND REFERENCES PART BLUE-GREEN LASERS BASED ON NONLINEAR FREQUENCY CONVERSION FUNDAMENTALS OF NONLINEAR FREQUENCY UPCONVERSION INTRODUCTION BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SHG AND SFG THE NATURE OF THE NONLINEAR POLARIZATION FREQUENCIES OF THE INDUCED POLARIZATION THE D COEF?CIENT THE GENERATED WAVE SHG WITH MONOCHROMATIC WAVES MULTI-LONGITUDINAL MODE SOURCES PUMP DEPLETION SPATIAL CON?NEMENT BOYD–KLEINMAN ANALYSIS FOR SHG WITH CIRCULAR GAUSSIAN BEAMS GUIDED-WAVE SHG PHASEMATCHING BIREFRINGENT PHASEMATCHING QUASI-PHASEMATCHING (QPM) WAVEGUIDE PHASEMATCHING OTHER PHASEMATCHING TECHNIQUES SUMMARY MATERIALS FOR NONLINEAR GENERATION OF BLUE-GREEN LIGHT LITHIUM NIOBATE (LN) LITHIUM TANTALATE (LT) POTASSIUM TITANYL PHOSPHATE (KTP) RUBIDIUM TITANYL ARSENATE (RTA) OTHER KTP ISOMORPHS POTASSIUM NIOBATE (KN) POTASSIUM LITHIUM NIOBATE (KLN) LITHIUM IODATE BETA BARIUM BORATE (BBO) AND LITHIUM BORATE (LBO) OTHER MATERIALS SINGLE-PASS SHG AND SFG DIRECT SINGLE-PASS SHG OF DIODE LASERS EARLY EXPERIMENTS WITH GAIN-GUIDED LASERS EARLY EXPERIMENTS WITH INDEX-GUIDED LASERS HIGH-POWER INDEX-GUIDED NARROW-STRIPE LASERS MULTIPLE-STRIPE ARRAYS BROAD-AREA LASERS MASTER OSCILLATOR–POWER AMPLI?ER (MOPA) CON?GURATIONS ANGLED-GRATING DISTRIBUTED FEEDBACK (DFB) LASERS SINGLE-PASS SHG OF DIODE-PUMPED SOLID-STATE LASERS FREQUENCY-DOUBLING OF 1064-NM ND:YAG LASERS FREQUENCY-DOUBLING OF 946-NM ND:YAG LASERS SUM-FREQUENCY MIXING RESONATOR-ENHANCED SHG AND SFG THEORY OF RESONATOR ENHANCEMENT THE IMPACT OF LOSS IMPEDANCE MATCHING FREQUENCY MATCHING APPROACHES TO FREQUENCY LOCKING MODE MATCHING OTHER CONSIDERATIONS TEMPERATURE LOCKING MODULATION BIRE?ECTION IN MONOLITHIC RING RESONATORS INTRACAVITY SHG AND SFG THEORY OF INTRACAVITY SHG THE “GREEN PROBLEM” THE PROBLEM ITSELF SOLUTIONS TO THE “GREEN PROBLEM” SINGLE-MODE OPERATION BLUE LASERS BASED ON INTRACAVITY SHG OF 946-NM ND:YAG LASERS INTRACAVITY SHG OF CR:LISAF LASERS SELF-FREQUENCY-DOUBLING ND:LN NYAB PERIODICALLY-POLED MATERIALS INTRACAVITY SUM-FREQUENCY MIXING FABRICATION ISSUES INTEGRATION ISSUES FEEDBACK AND FREQUENCY STABILITY POLARIZATION COMPATIBILITY COUPLING CONTROL OF THE PHASEMATCHING CONDITION EXTRINSIC EF?CIENCY ENHANCEMENT UPCONVERSION LASERS: PHYSICS AND DEVICES ESSENTIALS OF UPCONVERSION LASER PHYSICS INTRODUCTION TO UPCONVERSION LASERS AND RARE-EARTH OPTICAL PHYSICS OVERVIEW OF RARE-EARTH SPECTROSCOPY QUALITATIVE FEATURES OF RARE-EARTH SPECTROSCOPY ELEMENTS OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE THE EFFECTIVE CENTRAL POTENTIAL ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF THE FREE RARE-EARTH IONS THE JUDD–OFELT EXPRESSION FOR OPTICAL INTENSITIES BASIC FORMULATION THE JUDD–OFELT EXPRESSION FOR THE OSCILLATOR STRENGTH SELECTION RULES FOR ELECTRIC DIPOLE TRANSITIONS NONRADIATIVE RELAXATION RADIATIONLESS ENERGY TRANSFER MECHANISMS OF UPCONVERSION RESONANT MULTI-PHOTON ABSORPTION COOPERATIVE UPCONVERSION RATE EQUATION FORMULATION OF UPCONVERSION BY RADIATIONLESS ENERGY TRANSFER THE PHOTON AVALANCHE ESSENTIALS OF LASER PHYSICS QUALITATIVE PICTURE RATE EQUATIONS FOR CONTINUOUS-WAVE AMPLI?CATION AND LASER OSCILLATION UPCONVERSION LASERS HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION BULK UPCONVERSION LASERS UPCONVERSION PUMPED ER3+ INFRARED LASERS ER3+ VISIBLE UPCONVERSION LASERS TM3+ UPCONVERSION LASERS PR3+ UPCONVERSION LASERS ND3+ UPCONVERSION LASERS UPCONVERSION ?BER LASERS ER3+ ?BER LASERS; 4S3/2 ?4I15/2 TRANSITION AT 556 NM TM3+ ?BER LASERS PR3+ ?BER LASERS HO3+ ?BER LASERS, 5S2 ?5I8 TRANSITION AT ?550 NM ND3+ ?BER LASERS PROSPECTS BLUE-GREEN SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS INTRODUCTION TO BLUE-GREEN SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS OVERVIEW OVERVIEW OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WIDE-BANDGAP SEMICONDUCTORS LATTICE MATCHING EPITAXIAL LATERAL OVERGROWTH (ELOG) BASIC PHYSICAL PARAMETERS DOPING IN WIDE-GAP SEMICONDUCTORS OHMIC CONTACTS FOR P-TYPE WIDE-GAP SEMICONDUCTORS OHMIC CONTACTS TO P-ALGAINN NEW APPROACHES TO P-CONTACTS OHMIC CONTACTS TO P-ZNSE: BANDSTRUCTURE ENGINEERING DEVICE DESIGN, PERFORMANCE, AND PHYSICS OF OPTICAL GAIN OF THE INGAN QW VIOLET DIODE LASERS OVERVIEW OF BLUE AND GREEN DIODE LASER DEVICE ISSUES THE INGAN MQW VIOLET DIODE LASER: DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE LAYERED DESIGN AND EPITAXIAL GROWTH DIODE LASER FABRICATION AND PERFORMANCE PHYSICS OF OPTICAL GAIN IN THE INGAN MQW DIODE LASER ON THE ELECTRONIC MICROSTRUCTURE OF INGAN QWS EXCITONIC CONTRIBUTIONS IN GREEN-BLUE ZNSE-BASED QW DIODE LASERS PROSPECTS AND PROPERTIES FOR VERTICAL-CAVITY BLUE LIGHT EMITTERS BACKGROUND OPTICAL RESONATOR DESIGN AND FABRICATION: DEMONSTRATION OF OPTICALLY-PUMPED VCSEL OPERATION IN THE 380–410-NM RANGE ALL-DIELECTRIC DBR RESONATOR STRESS ENGINEERING OF ALGAN/GAN DBRS ELECTRICAL INJECTION: DEMONSTRATION RESONANT-CAVITY LEDS