FUNDAMENTALS OF LIGHT SOURCES AND LASERS
CONTENTS 1 LIGHT AND BLACKBODY EMISSION EMISSION OF THERMAL LIGHT ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM BLACKBODY RADIATION AND THE STEFAN–BOLTZMANN LAW WEIN’S LAW CAVITY RADIATION AND CAVITY MODES QUANTUM NATURE OF LIGHT ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM REVISITED ABSORPTION AND EMISSION PROCESSES BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION AND THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM QUANTUM VIEW OF BLACKBODY RADIATION BLACKBODIES AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES APPLICATIONS ABSORPTION AND COLOR EF?CIENCY OF LIGHT SOURCES PROBLEMS 2 ATOMIC EMISSION LINE SPECTRA SPECTROSCOPE EINSTEIN AND PLANCK: E ¼ HN PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT ATOMIC MODELS AND LIGHT EMISSION FRANCK–HERTZ EXPERIMENT SPONTANEOUS EMISSION AND LEVEL LIFETIME FLUORESCENCE SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES 3 QUANTUM MECHANICS LIMITATIONS OF THE BOHR MODEL WAVE PROPERTIES OF PARTICLES (DUALITY) EVIDENCE OF WAVE PROPERTIES IN ELECTRONS WAVEFUNCTIONS AND THE PARTICLE-IN-A-BOX MODEL RECONCILING CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS ANGULAR MOMENTUM IN QUANTUM STATES SPECTROSCOPIC NOTATION AND ELECTRON CON?GURATION ENERGY LEVELS DESCRIBED BY ORBITAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBERS DIRECT EVIDENCE OF MOMENTUM: THE STERN–GERLACH EXPERIMENT ELECTRON SPIN SUMMARY OF QUANTUM NUMBERS EXAMPLE OF QUANTUM NUMBERS: THE SODIUM SPECTRUM MULTIPLE ELECTRONS: THE MERCURY SPECTRUM ENERGY LEVELS AND TRANSITIONS IN GAS LASERS MOLECULAR ENERGY LEVELS INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY APPLICATIONS 4 LASING PROCESSES CHARACTERISTICS OF COHERENT LIGHT CREATING AN INVERSION STIMULATED EMISSION RATE EQUATIONS AND CRITERIA FOR LASING LASER GAIN LINEWIDTH THRESHOLDS FOR LASING CALCULATING THRESHOLD GAIN 5 LASING TRANSITIONS AND GAIN SELECTIVE PUMPING THREE- AND FOUR-LEVEL LASERS CW LASING ACTION THERMAL POPULATION EFFECTS DEPOPULATION OF LOWER ENERGY LEVELS IN FOUR-LEVEL LASERS RATE EQUATION ANALYSIS FOR ATOMIC TRANSITIONS RATE EQUATION ANALYSIS FOR THREE- AND FOUR-LEVEL LASERS GAIN REVISITED SATURATION REQUIRED PUMP POWER AND EF?CIENCY OUTPUT POWER 6 CAVITY OPTICS REQUIREMENTS FOR A RESONATOR GAIN AND LOSS IN A CAVITY RESONATOR AS AN INTERFEROMETER LONGITUDINAL MODES WAVELENGTH SELECTION IN MULTILINE LASERS SINGLE-FREQUENCY OPERATION CHARACTERIZATION OF A RESONATOR GAUSSIAN BEAM RESONATOR STABILITY COMMON CAVITY CON?GURATIONS SPATIAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS: TRANSVERSE MODES LIMITING MODES RESONATOR ALIGNMENT: A PRACTICAL APPROACH 7 FAST-PULSE PRODUCTION CONCEPT OF Q-SWITCHING INTRACAVITY SWITCHES ENERGY STORAGE IN LASER MEDIA PULSE POWER AND ENERGY ELECTROOPTIC MODULATORS ACOUSTOOPTIC MODULATORS CAVITY DUMPING MODELOCKING MODELOCKING IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN 8 NONLINEAR OPTICS LINEAR AND NONLINEAR PHENOMENA PHASE MATCHING NONLINEAR MATERIALS SHG EF?CIENCY SUM AND DIFFERENCE OPTICAL MIXING HIGHER-ORDER NONLINEAR EFFECTS OPTICAL PARAMETRIC OSCILLATORS 9 VISIBLE GAS LASERS HELIUM–NEON LASERS LASING MEDIUM OPTICS AND CAVITIES LASER STRUCTURE HENE POWER SUPPLIES OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS ION LASERS POWER SUPPLIES APPLICATIONS AND OPERATION 10 UV GAS LASERS NITROGEN LASERS GAIN AND OPTICS NITROGEN LASER STRUCTURE APPLICATIONS AND PRACTICAL UNITS EXCIMER LASERS 10 10 EXCIMER LASER STRUCTURE 10 11 APPLICATIONS 10 12 PRACTICAL AND COMMERCIAL UNITS 11 INFRARED GAS LASERS CARBON DIOXIDE LASERS STRUCTURE OF A LONGITUDINAL CO2 LASER STRUCTURE OF A TRANSVERSE CO2 LASER ALTERNATIVE STRUCTURES 11 10 FAR-IR LASERS 12 SOLID-STATE LASERS RUBY LASERS YAG (NEODYMIUM) LASERS 12 10 OPTICS AND CAVITIES 12 11 LASER STRUCTURE 12 12 POWER SUPPLIES 12 13 APPLICATIONS, SAFETY, AND MAINTENANCE 12 14 FIBER AMPLI?ERS 13 SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS OPTICS 14 TUNABLE DYE LASERS