TECHNIQUES AND MECHANISMS IN ELECTROCHEMISTRY
IN-SITU X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDIES OF THE ELECTRODE/SOLUTION INTERFACE INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL ADSORBATE-INDUCED RESTRUCTURING OF METAL SUBSTRATES SURFACE RELAXATION PT MONOMETALLIC AND BIMETALLIC SURFACES GROUP IB METALS SURFACE RECONSTRUCTION ADLAYER STRUCTURES ANION STRUCTURES CO ORDERING ON THE PT(111) SURFACE UNDERPOTENTIAL DEPOSITION (UPD) REACTIVE METALS AND OXIDES CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES UV-VISIBLE REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY OF THIN ORGANIC FILMS AT ELECTRODE SURFACES THE BASIS OF UV-VISIBLE REFLECTION MEASUREMENT AT AN ELECTRODE SURFACE ABSOLUTE REFLECTION SPECTRUM VERSUS MODULATED REFLECTION SPECTRUM WAVELENGTH-MODULATED UV-VISIBLE REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY POTENTIAL-MODULATED UV-VISIBLE REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY INSTRUMENTATION OF THE POTENTIAL-MODULATED UV-VISIBLE REFLECTION MEASUREMENT ER MEASUREMENTS FOR REDOX-ACTIVE THIN ORGANIC FILMS INTERPRETATION OF THE REFLECTION SPECTRUM REFLECTION MEASUREMENT AT SPECIAL ELECTRODE CONFIGURATIONS ESTIMATION OF THE MOLECULAR ORIENTATION ON THE ELECTRODE SURFACE ESTIMATION OF THE MOLECULAR ORIENTATION ON THE ELECTRODE SURFACE USING THE REDOX ER SIGNAL ESTIMATION OF THE MOLECULAR ORIENTATION ON THE ELECTRODE SURFACE USING THE STARK EFFECT ER SIGNAL MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRON TRANSFER RATE USING ER MEASUREMENT REDOX ER SIGNAL IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN EXAMPLES OF ELECTRON TRANSFER RATE MEASUREMENT USING ER SIGNAL IMPROVEMENT IN DATA ANALYSIS COMBINED ANALYSIS OF IMPEDANCE AND MODULATION SPECTROSCOPIC SIGNALS UPPER LIMIT OF MEASURABLE RATE CONSTANT RATE CONSTANT MEASUREMENT USING AN ER VOLTAMMOGRAM ER SIGNAL ORIGINATED FROM NON-FARADAIC PROCESSES – A QUICK OVERVIEW ER SIGNAL WITH HARMONICS HIGHER THAN THE FUNDAMENTAL MODULATION FREQUENCY DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN TWO SIMULTANEOUSLY OCCURRING ELECTRODE PROCESSES SOME RECENT EXAMPLES OF THE APPLICATION OF ER MEASUREMENT FOR A FUNCTIONAL ELECTRODE SCOPE FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF UV-VISIBLE REFLECTION MEASUREMENTS NEW TECHNIQUES IN UV-VISIBLE REFLECTION MEASUREMENTS REMARKS ON THE SCOPE FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF UV-VISIBLE REFLECTION MEASUREMENTS EPI-FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY STUDIES OF POTENTIAL CONTROLLED CHANGES IN ADSORBED THIN ORGANIC FILMS AT ELECTRODE SURFACES FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY AND FLUORESCENCE PROBES FLUORESCENCE NEAR METAL SURFACES DESCRIPTION OF A FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPE FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDIES MICROSCOPE RESOLUTION IMAGE ANALYSIS ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS STUDIED WITH FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY ADSORPTION OF C18OH ON AU(111) THE ADSORPTION AND DIMERIZATION OF 2-(2-THIENYL)PYRIDINE (TP) ON AU(111) FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY OF THE ADSORPTION OF DOPC ONTO AN HG DROP FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY OF LIPOSOME FUSION ONTO A DOPC-COATED HG INTERFACE FLUORESCENCE IMAGING OF THE REDUCTIVE DESORPTION OF AN ALKYLTHIOL SAM ON AU CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS STRUCTURES AND ABBREVIATIONS LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR SPECTROSCOPY AT THE ELECTRIFIED LIQUID/LIQUID INTERFACE INTRODUCTORY REMARKS AND SCOPE OF THE CHAPTER LINEAR SPECTROSCOPY TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION ABSORPTION/FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY POTENTIAL-MODULATED REFLECTANCE/FLUORESCENCE IN TIR QUASI-ELASTIC LASER SCATTERING (QELS) OTHER LINEAR SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES AT THE NEAT LIQUID/LIQUID INTERFACE NON-LINEAR SPECTROSCOPY SECOND HARMONIC GENERATION VIBRATIONAL SUM FREQUENCY GENERATION SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK SYMBOLS ABBREVIATIONS SUM FREQUENCY GENERATION STUDIES OF THE ELECTRIFIED SOLID/LIQUID INTERFACE THEORETICAL BACKGROUND SFG INTENSITIES RESONANT TERM NON-RESONANT TERM PHASE INTERFERENCE ORIENTATION INFORMATION IN SFG PHASE MATCHING SURFACE OPTICS DATA ANALYSIS REFERENCE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS SPECTROSCOPY CELL APPLICATIONS OF SFG TO ELECTROCHEMISTRY CO ADSORPTION POLARIZATION STUDIES POTENTIAL DEPENDENCE CO ON ALLOYS SOLVENT EFFECTS ADSORPTION OF UPD AND OPD H CN ON PT AND AU ELECTRODES CN/PT CN/AU OCN AND SCN PYRIDINE AND RELATED DERIVATIVES DYNAMICS OF CO AND CN VIBRATIONAL RELAXATION SOLVENT STRUCTURE NONAQUEOUS SOLVENTS AQUEOUS SOLVENTS MONOLAYERS AND CORROSION CONCLUSION IR SPECTROSCOPY OF THE SEMICONDUCTOR/SOLUTION INTERFACE IR SPECTROSCOPY AT AN INTERFACE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF IR SPECTROSCOPY EXTERNAL VERSUS INTERNAL REFLECTION PRACTICAL ASPECTS AT AN ELECTROCHEMICAL INTERFACE HOW POTENTIAL CAN AFFECT IR ABSORPTION HOW TO ISOLATE POTENTIAL-SENSITIVE IR ABSORPTION WHAT CAN BE LEARNT FROM IR SPECTROSCOPY AT THE INTERFACE VIBRATIONAL ABSORPTION OF INTERFACIAL AND DOUBLE-LAYER SPECIES VIBRATIONAL ABSORPTION OF SPECIES OUTSIDE THE DOUBLE-LAYER ELECTRONIC ABSORPTION EFFECT OF LIGHT POLARIZATION IN ATR GEOMETRY SELECTION RULES FOR A POLARIZED IR BEAM CASE OF STRONGLY POLAR SPECIES: LO-TO SPLITTING POLARIZATION MODULATION DYNAMIC INFORMATION FROM A MODULATION TECHNIQUE CASE OF ROUGH OR COMPLEX INTERFACES SURFACE ROUGHNESS COMPOSITE INTERFACE FILMS RECENT ADVANCES IN IN-SITU INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AND APPLICATIONS IN SINGLE-CRYSTAL ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND ELECTROCATALYSIS SPECTROMETER SYSTEMS SPECTROMETER THROUGHPUT CONSIDERATIONS DETECTORS SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO CONSIDERATIONS SIGNAL DIGITIZATION SIGNAL MODULATION AND RELATED DATA ACQUISITION METHODS APPLICATIONS ADSORPTION AND REACTIVITY AT WELL-DEFINED ELECTRODE SURFACES ADSORPTION ON PURE METALS ELECTROCHEMISTRY AT WELL-DEFINED BIMETALLIC ELECTRODES SEIRAS INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AS A PROBE OF SURFACE ELECTROCHEMISTRY AT METAL CATALYST PARTICLES NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODES AND OPTICAL CONSIDERATIONS EMERGING INSTRUMENTAL METHODS AND QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES STEP-SCAN INTERFEROMETRY TWO-DIMENSIONAL INFRARED CORRELATION ANALYSIS QUANTITATION OF MOLECULAR ORIENTATION SUMMARY IN-SITU SURFACE-ENHANCED INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY OF THE ELECTRODE/SOLUTION INTERFACE ELECTROMAGNETIC MECHANISM OF SEIRA EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL AND OPTICS PREPARATION OF THIN-FILM ELECTRODES GENERAL FEATURES OF SEIRAS COMPARISON OF SEIRAS WITH IRAS SURFACE SELECTION RULE AND MOLECULAR ORIENTATION COMPARISON OF SEIRA AND SERS BASELINE SHIFT BY ADSORPTION OF MOLECULES AND IONS SELECTED EXAMPLES REACTIONS OF A TRIRUTHENIUM COMPLEX SELF-ASSEMBLED ON AU CYTOCHROME C ELECTROCHEMISTRY ON SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS MOLECULAR RECOGNITION AT THE ELECTROCHEMICAL INTERFACE HYDROGEN ADSORPTION AND EVOLUTION ON PT OXIDATION OF C1 MOLECULES ON PT ADVANCED TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING ELECTRODE DYNAMICS RAPID-SCAN MILLISECOND TIME-RESOLVED FT-IR MEASUREMENTS STEP-SCAN MICROSECOND TIME-RESOLVED FT-IR MEASUREMENTS POTENTIAL-MODULATED FT-IR SPECTROSCOPY SUMMARY AND FUTURE PROSPECTS QUANTITATIVE SNIFTIRS AND PM IRRAS OF ORGANIC MOLECULES AT ELECTRODE SURFACES REFLECTION OF LIGHT FROM STRATIFIED MEDIA REFLECTION AND REFRACTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AT A TWO-PHASE BOUNDARY REFLECTION AND REFRACTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AT A MULTIPLE-PHASE BOUNDARY OPTIMIZATION OF EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS OPTIMIZATION OF THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE AND THE THIN-CAVITY THICKNESS THE EFFECT OF INCIDENT BEAM COLLIMATION THE CHOICE OF THE OPTICAL WINDOW GEOMETRY AND MATERIAL DETERMINATION OF THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE AND THE THIN-CAVITY THICKNESS DETERMINATION OF THE ISOTROPIC OPTICAL CONSTANTS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS DETERMINATION OF THE ORIENTATION OF ORGANIC MOLECULES AT THE ELECTRODE SURFACE DEVELOPMENT OF QUANTITATIVE SNIFTIRS DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP FUNDAMENTALS OF SNIFTIRS CALCULATION OF THE TILT ANGLE FROM SNIFTIRS SPECTRA APPLICATIONS OF QUANTITATIVE SNIFTIRS DEVELOPMENT OF QUANTITATIVE IN-SITU PM IRRAS FUNDAMENTALS OF PM IRRAS AND EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION OF A PHOTOELASTIC MODULATOR CORRECTION OF PM IRRAS SPECTRA FOR THE PEM RESPONSE FUNCTIONS BACKGROUND SUBTRACTION APPLICATIONS OF QUANTITATIVE PM IRRAS SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS TIP-ENHANCED RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY – RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS GENERAL INTRODUCTION SERS AT WELL-DEFINED SURFACES SINGLE-MOLECULE RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY TIP-ENHANCED RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY (TERS) NEAR-FIELD RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY WITH OR WITHOUT APERTURES FIRST TERS EXPERIMENTS TERS ON SINGLE-CRYSTALLINE SURFACES OUTLOOK RECENT RESULTS NEW APPROACHES ON THE HORIZON ACKNOWLEDGMENT