INTRODUCTION TO THE PHYSICS AND TECHNIQUES OF REMOTE SENSING
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TYPES AND CLASSES OF REMOTE SENSING DATA BRIEF HISTORY OF REMOTE SENSING REMOTE SENSING SPACE PLATFORMS TRANSMISSION THROUGH THE EARTH AND PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS WAVE EQUATION AND SOLUTION QUANTUM PROPERTIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION POLARIZATION COHERENCY GROUP AND PHASE VELOCITY DOPPLER EFFECT NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITION OF RADIATION QUANTITIES RADIATION QUANTITIES SPECTRAL QUANTITIES LUMINOUS QUANTITIES GENERATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION DETECTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION INTERACTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES WITH MATTER: QUICK OVERVIEW INTERACTION MECHANISMS THROUGHOUT THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM EXERCISES SOLID SURFACES SENSING IN THE VISIBLE AND NEAR INFRARED SOURCE SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS WAVE-SURFACE INTERACTION MECHANISMS REFLECTION, TRANSMISSION, AND SCATTERING VIBRATIONAL PROCESSES ELECTRONIC PROCESSES FLUORESCENCE SIGNATURE OF SOLID SURFACE MATERIALS SIGNATURE OF GEOLOGIC MATERIALS SIGNATURE OF BIOLOGIC MATERIALS DEPTH OF PENETRATION PASSIVE IMAGING SENSORS IMAGING BASICS SENSOR ELEMENTS DETECTORS TYPES OF IMAGING SYSTEMS DESCRIPTION OF SOME VISIBLE/INFRARED IMAGING SENSORS LANDSAT-ENHANCED THEMATIC MAPPER PLUS (ETM+) ADVANCED SPACEBORNE THERMAL EMISSION AND REFLECTION MARS ORBITER CAMERA (MOC) MARS EXPLORATION ROVER PANCHROMATIC CAMERA (PANCAM) ACTIVE SENSORS SURFACE SENSING AT VERY SHORT WAVELENGTHS RADIATION SOURCES DETECTION IMAGE DATA ANALYSIS DETECTION AND DELINEATION CLASSIFICATION IDENTIFICATION SOLID-SURFACE SENSING: THERMAL INFRARED THERMAL RADIATION LAWS EMISSIVITY OF NATURAL TERRAIN EMISSIVITY FROM THE SUN AND PLANETARY SURFACES HEAT CONDUCTION THEORY EFFECT OF PERIODIC HEATING USE OF THERMAL EMISSION IN SURFACE REMOTE SENSING SURFACE HEATING BY THE SUN EFFECT OF SURFACE COVER SEPARATION OF SURFACE UNITS BASED ON THEIR THERMAL SIGNATURE EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION IN GEOLOGY EFFECTS OF CLOUDS ON THERMAL INFRARED SENSING USE OF THERMAL INFRARED SPECTRAL SIGNATURES IN SENSING THERMAL INFRARED SENSORS HEAT CAPACITY MAPPING RADIOMETER THERMAL INFRARED MULTISPECTRAL SCANNER ASTER THERMAL INFRARED SENSOR SPITZER SPACE TELESCOPE 2001 MARS ODYSSEY THERMAL EMISSION IMAGING SYSTEM ADVANCED VERY HIGH RESOLUTION RADIOMETER (AVHRR) SOLID-SURFACE SENSING: MICROWAVE EMISSION POWER-TEMPERATURE CORRESPONDENCE SIMPLE MICROWAVE RADIOMETRY MODELS EFFECTS OF POLARIZATION EFFECTS OF THE OBSERVATION ANGLE EFFECTS OF THE ATMOSPHERE EFFECTS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS APPLICATIONS AND USE IN SURFACE SENSING APPLICATION IN POLAR ICE MAPPING APPLICATION IN SOIL MOISTURE MAPPING MEASUREMENT AMBIGUITY DESCRIPTION OF MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS ANTENNA AND SCANNING CONFIGURATION FOR REAL-APERTURE SYNTHETIC-APERTURE RADIOMETERS RECEIVER SUBSYSTEMS DATA PROCESSING EXAMPLES OF DEVELOPED RADIOMETERS SCANNING MULTICHANNEL MICROWAVE RADIOMETER (SMMR) SPECIAL SENSOR MICROWAVE IMAGER (SSM/I) TROPICAL RAINFALL MAPPING MISSION MICROWAVE IMAGER (TMI) ADVANCED MICROWAVE SCANNING RADIOMETER FOR EOS (AMSR-E) SOLID-SURFACE SENSING: MICROWAVE AND RADIO FREQUENCIES SURFACE INTERACTION MECHANISM SURFACE SCATTERING MODELS ABSORPTION LOSSES AND VOLUME SCATTERING EFFECTS OF THE FREQUENCY EFFECTS OF THE INCIDENCE ANGLE SCATTERING FROM NATURAL TERRAIN BASIC PRINCIPLES OF RADAR SENSORS ANTENNA BEAM CHARACTERISTICS SIGNAL PROPERTIES: SPECTRUM SIGNAL PROPERTIES: MODULATION RANGE MEASUREMENTS AND DISCRIMINATION DOPPLER (VELOCITY) MEASUREMENT AND DISCRIMINATION HIGH-FREQUENCY SIGNAL GENERATION IMAGING SENSORS: REAL-APERTURE RADARS IMAGING GEOMETRY RANGE RESOLUTION AZIMUTH RESOLUTION RADAR EQUATION SIGNAL FADING FADING STATISTICS GEOMETRIC DISTORTION IMAGING SENSORS: SYNTHETIC-APERTURE RADARS SYNTHETIC-ARRAY APPROACH FOCUSED VERSUS UNFOCUSED SAR DOPPLER-SYNTHESIS APPROACH SAR IMAGING COORDINATE SYSTEM AMBIGUITIES AND ARTIFACTS POINT TARGET RESPONSE CORRELATION WITH POINT TARGET RESPONSE ADVANCED SAR TECHNIQUES DESCRIPTION OF SAR SENSORS 6-4-10 APPLICATIONS OF IMAGING RADARS NONIMAGING RADAR SENSORS: SCATTEROMETERS EXAMPLES OF SCATTEROMETER INSTRUMENTS EXAMPLE OF SCATTEROMETER DATA NONIMAGING RADAR SENSORS: ALTIMETERS EXAMPLES OF ALTIMETER INSTRUMENTS ALTIMETER APPLICATIONS IMAGING ALTIMETRY WIDE SWATH OCEAN ALTIMETER NONCONVENTIONAL RADAR SENSORS SUBSURFACE SOUNDING REFERENCES AND FURTHER READINGS OCEAN SURFACE SENSING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE OCEAN SURFACE TIDES AND CURRENTS SURFACE WAVES MAPPING OF THE OCEAN TOPOGRAPHY GEOID MEASUREMENT SURFACE WAVE EFFECTS SURFACE WIND EFFECTS DYNAMIC OCEAN TOPOGRAPHY ACILLARY MEASUREMENTS SURFACE WIND MAPPING OBSERVATIONS REQUIRED NADIR OBSERVATIONS OCEAN SURFACE IMAGING RADAR IMAGING MECHANISMS EXAMPLES OF OCEAN FEATURES ON RADAR IMAGES IMAGING OF SEA ICE OCEAN COLOR MAPPING OCEAN SURFACE TEMPERATURE MAPPING BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ATMOSPHERIC SENSING AND RADIATIVE TRANSFER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ATMOSPHERE ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION PARTICULATES AND CLOUDS WAVE INTERACTION MECHANISMS IN PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES RESONANT INTERACTIONS SPECTRAL LINE SHAPE NONRESONANT ABSORPTION NONRESONANT EMISSION WAVE PARTICLE INTERACTION AND SCATTERING WAVE REFRACTION OPTICAL THICKNESS RADIATIVE TRANSFER EQUATION CASE OF A NONSCATTERING PLANE PARALLEL ATMOSPHERE BASIC CONCEPTS OF ATMOSPHERIC REMOTE SOUNDING BASIC CONCEPT OF TEMPERATURE SOUNDING BASIC CONCEPT OF COMPOSITION SOUNDING BASIC CONCEPT OF PRESSURE SOUNDING BASIC CONCEPT OF DENSITY MEASUREMENT BASIC CONCEPT OF WIND MEASUREMENT ATMOSPHERIC REMOTE SENSING IN THE MICROWAVE REGION MICROWAVE INTERACTIONS WITH ATMOSPHERIC GASES BASIC CONCEPT OF DOWNLOOKING SENSORS TEMPERATURE SOUNDING CONSTITUENT DENSITY PROFILE: CASE OF WATER VAPOR BASIC CONCEPT FOR UPLOOKING SENSORS BASIC CONCEPT FOR LIMBLOOKING SENSORS INVERSION CONCEPTS BASIC ELEMENTS OF PASSIVE MICROWAVE SENSORS SURFACE PRESSURE SENSING ATMOSPHERIC SOUNDING BY OCCULTATION MICROWAVE SCATTERING BY ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES 9-10 RADAR SOUNDING OF RAIN 9-11 RADAR EQUATION FOR PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT 9-12 THE TROPICAL RAINFALL MEASURING MISSION (TRMM) 10 MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER SENSING OF ATMOSPHERES 10-1 INTERACTION WITH ATMOSPHERIC CONSTITUENTS 10-2 DOWNLOOKING SOUNDING 10-3 LIMB SOUNDING 10-4 ELEMENTS OF A MILLIMETER SOUNDER 11 ATMOSPHERIC REMOTE SENSING IN THE VISIBLE AND INFRARED 11-1 INTERACTION OF VISIBLE AND INFRARED RADIATION WITH THE ATMOSPHERE 11-1-1 VISIBLE AND NEAR-INFRARED RADIATION 11-1-2 THERMAL INFRARED RADIATION 11-1-3 RESONANT INTERACTIONS 11-1-4 EFFECTS OF SCATTERING BY PARTICULATES 11-2 DOWNLOOKING SOUNDING 11-2-1 GENERAL FORMULATION FOR EMITTED RADIATION 11-2-2 TEMPERATURE PROFILE SOUNDING 11-2-3 SIMPLE CASES WEIGHTING FUNCTIONS 11-2-4 WEIGHTING FUNCTIONS FOR OFF NADIR OBSERVATIONS 11-2-5 COMPOSITION PROFILE SOUNDING 11-3 LIMB SOUNDING 11-3-1 LIMB SOUNDING BY EMISSION 11-3-2 LIMB SOUNDING BY ABSORPTION 11-3-3 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE: PRESSURE MODULATOR RADIOMETER 11-3-4 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE: FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTROSCOPY 11-4 SOUNDING OF ATMOSPHERIC MOTION 11-4-1 PASSIVE TECHNIQUES 11-4-2 PASSIVE IMAGING OF VELOCITY FIELD: HELIOSEISMOLOGY 11-4-3 MULTIANGLE IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER (MISR) 11-4-4 ACTIVE TECHNIQUES 11-5 ATMOSPHERIC SENSING AT VERY SHORT WAVELENGTHS 12 IONOSPHERIC SENSING 12-1 PROPERTIES OF PLANETARY IONOSPHERES 12-2 WAVE PROPAGATION IN IONIZED MEDIA 12-3 IONOSPHERIC PROFILE SENSING BY TOPSIDE SOUNDING 12-4 IONOSPHERIC PROFILE BY RADIO OCCULTATION