INFRARED AND MILLIMETER WAVES: COHERENT SOURCES AND APPLICATIONS
CONTENTS I CRYSTALLINE LASER AND NONLINEAR OPTICAL MATERIALS FOR THE MID-IR 1 NEW MONOCRYSTALS WITH LOW PHONON ENERGY FOR MID-IR LASERS INTRODUCTION (M = K, RB; HAL = CL, BR) CRYSTALS CRYSTAL GROWTH PHASE TRANSITIONS STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF UNDOPED MPB2HAL5 CRYSTALS KEY PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RE3+ IONS IN MPB2HAL5 CRYSTALS OPTICAL SPECTRA AND SPECTROSCOPIC PARAMETERS EMISSION SPECTRA IN LOW CONCENTRATED CRYSTALS ENERGY TRANSFER AND DYNAMICS OF RE3+ LEVELS POPULATION UPCONVERSION PROCESSES IN PRASEODYMIUM DOPED KPC CRYSTALS UPCONVERSION AND DYNAMICS OF NEODYMIUM LEVELS POPULATION UPCONVERSION AND DYNAMICS OF ERBIUM LEVELS POPULATION CONCLUSION 2 ORTHORHOMBIC CRYSTALS OF LITHIUM THIOINDATE AND SELENOINDATE FOR NONLINEAR OPTICS IN THE MID-IR DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH, COMPOSITION, AND STRUCTURE OF LIS AND LISE BAND-GAP, TRANSPARENCY, AND IR CUT-OFF OF LIS AND LISE DISPERSION AND BIREFRINGENCE OF LIS AND LISE NONLINEAR SUSCEPTIBILITY OF LIS AND LISE THERMO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND DAMAGE RESISTIVITY OF LIS AND LISE PHASE-MATCHING IN LIS AND LISE NONLINEAR FREQUENCY CONVERSION WITH LIS AND LISE MID-IR FEMTOSECOND OPA CONTINUOUS-WAVE DFG OF MID-IR RADIATION NANOSECOND OPO 3 QUATERNARY NONLINEAR OPTICAL CRYSTALS FOR THE MID-INFRARED SPECTRAL RANGE FROM 5 TO 12 µM GROWTH AND PROPERTIES OF CGS, HGS, AND CHGS POTENTIAL AND FREQUENCY CONVERSION SCHEMES REALIZED WITH QUATERNARY CHGS CRYSTALS ORTHORHOMBIC AGXGAXGE1?XS2 CRYSTALS GROWTH AND PROPERTIES OF AGGS POTENTIAL AND FREQUENCY CONVERSION SCHEMES REALIZED WITH QUATERNARY AGGS CRYSTALS 4 MICROSTRUCTURED SEMICONDUCTORS FOR MID-INFRARED NONLINEAR OPTICS PROPERTIES OF ZINCBLENDE SEMICONDUCTORS DISPERSION NONLINEAR SUSCEPTIBILITIES FABRICATION OF MICROSTRUCTURED ZINCBLENDE SEMICONDUCTORS STACKED PLATE METHODS ORIENTATION-PATTERNED GROWTH QPM IN BULK MICROSTRUCTURED ZINCBLENDE SEMICONDUCTORS MID-IR SHG MID-IR DFG OPTICAL PARAMETRIC OSCILLATORS ULTRAFAST INTERACTIONS THZ CURRENT RESEARCH DIRECTIONS WAVEGUIDES OTHER QPM SEMICONDUCTORS II SOURCES IN THE MID-IR 1 PROGRESS IN QUANTUM CASCADE LASERS OPTIMIZATION OF DOPING LEVEL HIGH POWER DEVICES LINEWIDTH ENHANCEMENT FACTOR ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2 HIGH-BRIGHTNESS 2 X µM SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS III-SB BASED MATERIAL SYSTEM MATERIAL PROPERTIES GROWTH HIGH BRIGHTNESS GASB-BASED DIODE LASERS ACTIVE REGION DESIGN VERTICAL EPITAXIAL STRUCTURE BROAD-AREA LASERS RIDGE-WAVEGUIDE LASERS TAPERED LASERS GASB-BASED OPTICALLY PUMPED SEMICONDUCTOR DISK LASERS EPITAXIAL LAYER STRUCTURE AND SAMPLE CHARACTERIZATION THERMAL MANAGEMENT OPSDL DEVICE PERFORMANCE IN-WELL OPTICAL PUMPING OUTLOOK 3 BROADBAND MID-INFRARED SOLID-STATE LASERS MOTIVATION APPLICATIONS BANDWIDTH AND WAVELENGTH SCALING RULES TM2+-BASED SOLID-STATE LASERS HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND STATE-OF-THE-ART SOURCES CO:MGF2 LASER CR2+-DOPED II-VI LASERS CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK 4 NEW REGIMES OF EXCITATION AND MID-IR LASING OF TRANSITION METAL DOPED II–VI CRYSTALS NON-TRADITIONAL CR-DOPED MID-IR LASERS CR:ZNSE AND CR:ZNS MICROCHIP LASERS HOT PRESSED CERAMIC CR:ZNSE LASERS MULTI-LINE AND ULTRABROADBAND CR:ZNSE LASER FE-DOPED MID-IR LASERS IRON IONS IN II–VI MATERIALS SAMPLE PREPARATION SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION FE2+:ZNSE LASER CHARACTERISTICS EN-ROUTE TO ELECTRICALLY PUMPED TM DOPED II–VI MID-IR LASERS TM-DOPED II–VI THIN ?LMS FOR MID-IR APPLICATIONS EXCITATION MECHANISMS OF TM DOPANT IONS IN II–VI BULK SEMICONDUCTORS EXPERIMENTAL VERI?CATION OF PHOTOIONIZATION TRANSITIONS FUTURE DIRECTIONS CONCLUSION REMARKS 5 ADVANCES IN MID-INFRARED FIBER LASERS FIBER MATERIALS SILICATES FLUORIDES CHALCOGENIDES CERAMICS FIBER, PUMP, AND RESONATOR GEOMETRIES FIBER DESIGNS FOR CLADDING PUMPING FIBER-LASER RESONATORS THERMAL ISSUES OVERVIEW OF MID-INFRARED ?BER LASERS THULIUM-DOPED ?BER LASERS AT 1 9–2 5 µM THREE-LEVEL LASERS AT 1 9–2 0 µM FOUR-LEVEL LASERS AT 2 3–2 5 µM HOLMIUM-DOPED ?BER LASERS AT 2 1–2 9 µM THREE-LEVEL LASERS AT 2 1 µM FOUR-LEVEL LASERS AT 2 9 µM ERBIUM-DOPED ?BER LASERS AT 2 7–2 8 µM EXCITED-STATE ABSORPTION AND CASCADE LASING LIFETIME QUENCHING BY CO-DOPING ENERGY RECYCLING BY ENERGY-TRANSFER UPCONVERSION DYSPROSIUM-DOPED ?BER LASERS AT 2 9 µM CONCLUSIONS 6 MID-INFRARED OPTICAL PARAMETRIC OSCILLATORS AND APPLICATIONS MID-INFRARED OPTICAL PARAMETRIC OSCILLATORS CONTINUOUS-WAVE PARAMETRIC OSCILLATORS SINGLY-RESONANT OSCILLATORS MULTIPLY-RESONANT OSCILLATORS PULSED PARAMETRIC OSCILLATORS SUMMARY 7 MID-INFRARED INTEGRATED OPTICAL PARAMETRIC GENERATORS AND OSCILLATORS WITH PERIODICALLY POLED TI:LINBO3 WAVEGUIDES WAVEGUIDE AND RESONATOR FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OPTICAL PARAMETRIC GENERATORS (OPG) OPTICAL PARAMETRIC OSCILLATORS (OPOS) SINGLY RESONANT OSCILLATORS DOUBLY RESONANT OSCILLATORS 8 OPTICAL PARAMETRIC GENERATORS AND AMPLI?ERS PARAMETRIC GENERATION AND AMPLI?CATION THEORETICAL BASIS PHASE MATCHING CONSIDERATIONS BROADBAND OPTICAL PARAMETRIC GENERATION AND AMPLI?CATION COLLINEAR INTERACTION NONCOLLINEAR PARAMETRIC INTERACTION CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK 9 TUNABLE THZ SOURCES BASED ON QUASI-PHASE-MATCHED GALLIUM ARSENIDE THEORY OF OPTICAL THZ GENERATION IN QPM MEDIA PLANE WAVE ANALYSIS, FEMTOSECOND PULSES PLANE-WAVE ANALYSIS, PICOSECOND PULSES COMPARISON OF NONLINEAR OPTICAL CRYSTALS FOR THZ GENERATION THZ GENERATION WITH FS-PULSES FROM OPA/DFG (? = 2– 4 4 µM) THZ GENERATION USING OP-GAAS PUMPED BY A ?BER LASER THZ GENERATION WITH A NEAR-DEGENERATE SYNCHRONOUSLY-PUMPED PS OPO EXTRACAVITY THZ GENERATION INTRACAVITY THZ GENERATION 10 SEMICONDUCTOR WAVEGUIDES FOR NONLINEAR FREQUENCY CONVERSION FORM BIREFRINGENCE PHASE MATCHING MODAL PHASE MATCHING COUNTERPROPAGATING PHASE MATCHING III APPLICATIONS 1 SEMICONDUCTOR LASER BASED TRACE GAS SENSOR TECHNOLOGY: RECENT ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS TRACE GAS DETECTION BASED ON PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY USING QC AND IC LASERS PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES QUARTZ ENHANCED PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES QEPAS BASED CHEMICAL SENSOR ARCHITECTURE CHEMICAL SENSING BASED ON TUNABLE THERMOELECTRICALLY COOLED CW QUANTUM CASCADE LASERS GAS SENSING WITH A CW DFB QC LASER WAS ?RST REPORTED IN REF [54] DETECTION OF TRACE GASES WITH WIDELY TUNABLE QC LASERS EC-QCL SYSTEM CON?GURATION TRACE GAS SENSORS USING A HIGH-?NESSE OPTICAL CAVITY CAVITY RINGDOWN SPECTROSCOPY CAVITY ENHANCED ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY 2 TRACE GAS ANALYSIS WITH ISOTOPIC SELECTIVITY USING DFG-SOURCES MID-INFRARED LASER SOURCES DETECTION SCHEMES APPLICATIONS IN TRACE GAS SENSING STUDIES ON ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS OF TRACE GASES DFG-STUDIES ON CO, CO2 AND N2O ISOTOPOMERS DFG-SOURCE ISOTOPOMER ABUNDANCES AND LINE STRENGTHS MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 3 PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY USING CONTINUOUS WAVE OPTICAL PARAMETRIC OSCILLATORS PHYSICAL BASICS OF OPTICAL PARAMETRIC OSCILLATORS QUASI PHASE MATCHING IN PERIODICALLY POLED CRYSTALS PERIODICALLY POLED LITHIUM NIOBATE OPO CAVITY DESIGN OSCILLATION THRESHOLD FOR SINGLY RESONANT OPO FREQUENCY TUNING WITH OPO’S TUNING BY CHANGING THE POLING PERIOD AND TEMPERATURE TUNING WITH INTRACAVITY ELEMENTS PUMP TUNING TUNING BY CHANGING THE CAVITY LENGTH FREQUENCY TUNING BY USING A COMBINATION OF TUNING TECHNIQUES WAVELENGTH COVERAGE HIGH-RESOLUTION SPECTROSCOPY WITH CW OPO’S TRACE GAS DETECTION WITH OPO’S PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY PHOTOACOUSTICS WITH CW OPO’S CO2 MONITORING FROM INSECT BREATH DETECTION OF METHANE AND ETHANE USING OPO CAVITY RING-DOWN SPECTROSCOPY 4 ONLINE MONITORING OF EXHALED BREATH USING MID-INFRARED LASER SPECTROSCOPY THE ROLE OF TRACE GASES IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY TRACE CONSTITUENTS OF EXHALED HUMAN BREATH OTHER BIOLOGICAL SOURCES OF VOLATILE MARKERS SUITABLE LASER SPECTROSCOPIC APPROACHES FOR ONLINE ANALYSIS MULTI-PASS ABSORPTION CAVITY-ENHANCED TECHNIQUES PHOTOACOUSTICS MAGNETIC RESONANCE MONITORING OF EXHALED DISEASEMARKERS NITRIC OXIDE (NO) CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) ETHANE PERSPECTIVES FOR LASER SPECTROSCOPIC BREATH MONITORING 5 ULTRABROADBAND SOLID-STATE LASERS IN TRACE GAS SENSING CR2+-BASED MID-IR LASERS TRACE GAS ANALYSIS IN THE ATMOSPHERE INTRACAVITY LASER SPECTROSCOPY 6 MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF MID-IR SOLID-STATE LASERS LASER-TISSUE-INTERACTION TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS MEDICAL APPLICATIONS HOLMIUM AND THULIUM LASER ER:YAG LASER CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE ASPECTS 7 OPPORTUNITIES FOR MID-IR SOURCES IN INTENSE-FIELD AND ATTOSECOND PHYSICS 8 ULTRAWIDEBAND MID-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY OF SEMICONDUCTOR NANOSTRUCTURES GENERATION AND DETECTION OF ULTRAWIDEBAND MID-INFRARED PULSES SOURCES OF ULTRAWIDEBAND MID-INFRARED PULSES TIME-DOMAIN DETECTION OF MID-INFRARED PULSES INTERSUBBAND CARRIER DYNAMICS IN QUANTUM WELLS INTERSUBBAND ELECTRON RELAXATION IN QUANTUM WELLS QUANTUM INTERFERENCE OF INTERSUBBAND TRANSITIONS INTRABAND CARRIER DYNAMICS IN QUANTUM DOTS ELECTRONIC STATES AND OPTICAL INTRABAND TRANSITIONS ELECTRON CAPTURE AND RELAXATION IN QUANTUM DOTS