A HISTORY OF LIGHT AND COLOUR MEASUREMENT
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION: MAKING LIGHT COUNT ORGANIZATION OF CHAPTERS TERMS NOTES LIGHT AS A LAW-ABIDING QUANTITY BEGINNINGS A LAWLESS FRONTIER PHOTOGRAPHY: JUGGLING VARIABLES ASTRONOMY: ISOLATED FORAYS TECHNIQUES OF VISUAL PHOTOMETRY QUALITATIVE METHODS COMPARATIVE METHODS PHYSICAL METHODS STUDIES OF RADIANT HEAT DESCRIBING COLOUR SEEING THINGS RECURRING THEMES ALTERED PERCEPTIONS ASTROPHYSICS AND THE SCIENTI?C MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT SPECTROSCOPY SHIFTING STANDARDS: GAS AND ELECTROTECHNICAL PHOTOMETRY UTILITARIAN CONNECTIONS THE 19TH-CENTURY PHOTOMETER PREJUDICE AND TEMPTATION: THE PROBLEMS IN JUDGING INTENSITY QUANTIFYING LIGHT: N-RAYS VERSUS BLACKBODY RADIATION CAREERS IN THE SHADOWS AMATEURS AND INDEPENDENT RESEARCH THE ILLUMINATING ENGINEERS OPTICAL SOCIETIES LABORATORIES AND LEGISLATION UTILITARIAN PRESSURES THE PHYSIKALISCH-TECHNISCHE REICHSANSTALT THE NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS COLOUR AT THE NATIONAL LABORATORIES TRACING CAREERS WEIGHING UP THE NATIONAL LABORATORIES INDUSTRIAL LABORATORIES WARTIME PHOTOMETRY 5 10 CONSOLIDATION OF PRACTITIONERS TECHNOLOGY IN TRANSITION A FASHION FOR PHYSICAL PHOTOMETRY OBJECTIVITY PRECISION SPEED AUTOMATION THE RE?NEMENT OF VISION SHIFTS OF CON?DENCE PHYSICAL PHOTOMETRY FOR ASTRONOMERS AN AWKWARD HYBRID: PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDING AND VISUAL ANALYSIS A HALFWAY HOUSE: PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDING AND PHOTOELECTRIC ANALYSIS A ‘MORE TROUBLESOME’ METHOD: DIRECT PHOTOELECTRIC PHOTOMETRY THE RISE OF PHOTOELECTRIC PHOTOMETRY RECALCITRANT PROBLEMS TALBOT’S LAW LINEARITY THE SPECTRE OF HETEROCHROMATIC PHOTOMETRY DISPUTING LIGHT AND COLOUR THE COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE PHOTOM´ETRIE THE COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE L’´ECLAIRAGE LEGISLATIVE CONNECTIONS CONSTRUCTING COLORIMETRY COLOUR AT THE CIE DISCIPLINARY DIVISIONS DIFFERENTIATING THE ISSUES VOTING ON COLOUR CON?GURING COMPROMISE AN UNCERTAIN CLOSURE MARKETING PHOTOMETRY BIRTH OF AN INDUSTRY TECHNOLOGICAL IN?UENCES LINKING COMMUNITIES EXTENSION OF COMMERCIAL EXPERTISE NEW PRACTITIONERS MAKING MODERNITY BACKLASH TO COMMERCIALIZATION NEW INSTRUMENTS AND NEW MEASUREMENTS PHOTOMETRY FOR THE MILLIONS A BETTER IMAGE THROUGH ADVERTISING MILITARIZING RADIOMETRY THE MYSTIQUE OF THE INVISIBLE MILITARY CONNECTIONS BRITISH RESEARCH AMERICAN DEVELOPMENTS DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR GERMAN EXPERIENCES POST-WAR PERSPECTIVES NEW RESEARCH: BEYOND THE N-RAY NEW TECHNOLOGY NEW CENTRES NEW COMMUNITIES NEW UNITS, NEW STANDARDS COMMERCIALIZATION OF CON?DENTIAL EXPERTISE NEW PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE A NEW BALANCE: RADIOMETRY AS THE ‘SENIOR’ SPECIALISM 10 AN ‘UNDISCIPLINED SCIENCE’ 10 1 EVOLUTION OF PRACTICE AND TECHNIQUE 10 2 THE SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS OF LIGHT 10 3 A PERIPHERAL SCIENCE? 10 3 1 ON BEING AT THE EDGE 10 3 2 TECHNIQUE, TECHNOLOGY OR APPLIED SCIENCE? 10 3 3 ATTRIBUTES OF PERIPHERAL SCIENCE 10 4 EPILOGUE: DECLINING FORTUNES