PRACTICAL OPTICS
CONTENTS 1 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS IN THE PARAXIAL AREA 1 1 RAY OPTICS CONVENTIONS AND PRACTICAL RULES REAL AND VIRTUAL OBJECTS AND IMAGES 1 2 THIN LENSES LAYOUT MICROSCOPE AND TELESCOPE OPTICAL CON?GURATIONS 1 3 DIAPHRAGMS IN OPTICAL SYSTEMS CALCULATION OF APERTURE ANGLE AND FIELD OF VIEW VIGNETTING 1 4 PRISMS IN OPTICAL SYSTEMS 1 5 SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS 2 THEORY OF IMAGING 2 1 OPTICAL ABERRATIONS 2 1 1 GENERAL CONSIDERATION RAY FAN AND ABERRATION PLOT CONCEPT OF WAVE ABERRATIONS 2 1 2 CHROMATIC ABERRATIONS: PRINCIPLES OF ACHROMATIC LENS DESIGN 2 1 3 SPHERICAL ABERRATION AND COMA 2 1 4 ABERRATIONS OF TILTED BEAMS (FIELD ABERRATIONS) 2 1 5 SINE CONDITION AND APLANATIC POINTS 2 1 6 ADDITION OF ABERRATIONS 2 2 DIFFRACTION EFFECTS AND RESOLUTION 2 2 1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 2 2 2 DIFFRACTION THEORY OF IMAGING IN A MICROSCOPE 2 3 IMAGE EVALUATION 2 4 TWO SPECIAL CASES 2 4 1 TELECENTRIC IMAGING SYSTEM 2 4 2 TELEPHOTO LENS 2 5 SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS 3 SOURCES OF LIGHT AND ILLUMINATION SYSTEMS 3 1 THERMAL RADIATION SOURCES FOR VISIBLE AND IR 3 2 LENS-BASED ILLUMINATION SYSTEMS 3 3 LASERS 3 3 1 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF A LASER BEAM 3 3 2 BEAM EXPANSION AND SPATIAL FILTERING 3 3 3 LASER DIODES 3 4 LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LEDS) 3 5 SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS 4 DETECTORS OF LIGHT 4 1 CLASSI?CATION OF RADIATION DETECTORS AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 4 2 NOISE CONSIDERATION 4 3 SINGLE ELECTRO-OPTICAL DETECTORS (PHOTOCELLS, PHOTOMULTIPLIERS, SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS, BOLOMETERS) 4 4 DETECTOR ARRAYS (ONE-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS AND CCD AND CMOS AREA SENSORS) 4 5 SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS 5 OPTICAL SYSTEMS FOR SPECTRAL MEASUREMENTS 5 1 SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS AND SPECTRAL INSTRUMENTS 5 2 PRISM-BASED SYSTEMS 5 3 DIFFRACTION GRATINGS AND GRATING-BASED SYSTEMS 5 3 1 PLANE DIFFRACTION GRATINGS AND RELATED CON?GURATIONS 5 3 2 SYSTEMS WITH CONCAVE DIFFRACTION GRATINGS 5 4 INTERFEROMETRY-BASED SPECTRAL INSTRUMENTS 5 4 1 INTERFERENCE FILTERS AND FABRY–PEROT INTERFEROMETER 5 4 2 FOURIER SPECTROMETER 5 5 SPECTROPHOTOMETRY 5 6 SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS 6 NON-CONTACT MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE 6 1 THERMAL RADIATION LAWS AND SURFACE PROPERTIES 6 2 OPTICAL METHODS OF TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT 6 3 MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS 6 4 SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS 7 OPTICAL SCANNERS AND ACOUSTO-OPTICS 7 1 ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SCANNERS 7 2 ACOUSTO-OPTICS AND ACOUSTO-OPTICAL SCANNERS 7 2 1 ACOUSTO-OPTICAL EFFECT AND ACOUSTO-OPTICAL CELL (AOM) 7 2 2 TWO OPERATION MODES: AOM AS MODULATOR OF LIGHT AND AOM AS DE?ECTOR OF OPTICAL BEAMS 7 2 3 AOM ARCHITECTURE FOR SPECTRAL ANALYSIS 7 3 SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS 8 OPTICAL SYSTEMS FOR DISTANCE AND SIZE MEASUREMENTS 8 1 LASER RANGE?NDERS 8 2 SIZE MEASUREMENT WITH A LASER SCANNER 8 3 INTERFEROMETRIC CON?GURATION 8 4 STRATI?ED LIGHT BEAM AND IMAGING MEASURING TECHNIQUE 8 5 SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS 9 OPTICAL SYSTEMS FOR FLOW PARAMETER MEASUREMENT 9 1 PRINCIPLES OF LASER DOPPLER VELOCIMETRY (LDV) 9 2 MEASUREMENT OF VELOCITY IN 2-D AND 3-D FLOW GEOMETRY 9 3 TWO-PHASE FLOW AND PRINCIPLES OF PARTICLE SIZING 9 4 SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS 10 COLOR AND ITS MEASUREMENT 10 1 COLOR SENSATION, COLOR COORDINATES, AND PHOTOMETRIC UNITS 10 2 COLOR DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT 10 3 SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS