PRIMER OF CELESTIAL NAVIGATION
CONTENTS CHAPTER INTRODUCTION BRIEF SUMMARY OF CHAPTERS BRIEF HISTORY OF HYPERTEXT AND THE WEB BRIEF HISTORY OF SEARCH ENGINES CHAPTER THE WEB AND THE PROBLEM OF SEARCH SOME STATISTICS WEB SIZE STATISTICS WEB USAGE STATISTICS TABULAR DATA VERSUS WEB DATA STRUCTURE OF THE WEB BOW-TIE STRUCTURE OF THE WEB SMALL-WORLD STRUCTURE OF THE WEB INFORMATION SEEKING ON THE WEB DIRECT NAVIGATION NAVIGATION WITHIN A DIRECTORY NAVIGATION USING A SEARCH ENGINE PROBLEMS WITH WEB INFORMATION SEEKING INFORMATIONAL, NAVIGATIONAL, AND TRANSACTIONAL QUERIES COMPARING WEB SEARCH TO TRADITIONAL INFORMATION RETRIEVAL RECALL AND PRECISION LOCAL SITE SEARCH VERSUS GLOBAL WEB SEARCH DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SEARCH AND NAVIGATION THE PROBLEM OF WEB NAVIGATION GETTING LOST IN HYPERSPACE AND THE NAVIGATION PROBLEM HOW CAN THE MACHINE ASSIST IN USER SEARCH AND NAVIGATION THE POTENTIAL USE OF MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS THE NAIVE BAYES CLASSI?ER FOR CATEGORIZING WEB PAGES TRAILS SHOULD BE FIRST CLASS OBJECTS ENTER MARKOV CHAINS AND TWO INTERPRETATIONS OF ITS PROBABILITIES MARKOV CHAINS AND THE MARKOV PROPERTY MARKOV CHAINS AND THE PROBABILITIES OF FOLLOWING LINKS MARKOV CHAINS AND THE RELEVANCE OF LINKS CON?ICT BETWEEN WEB SITE OWNER AND VISITOR CON?ICT BETWEEN SEMANTICS OF WEB SITE AND THE BUSINESS MODEL SEARCHING THE WEB MECHANICS OF A TYPICAL SEARCH SEARCH ENGINES AS INFORMATION GATEKEEPERS OF THE WEB SEARCH ENGINE WARS, IS THE DUST SETTLING? COMPETITOR NUMBER ONE: GOOGLE COMPETITOR NUMBER TWO: YAHOO COMPETITOR NUMBER THREE: BING OTHER COMPETITORS STATISTICS FROM STUDIES OF SEARCH ENGINE QUERY LOGS SEARCH ENGINE QUERY LOGS SEARCH ENGINE QUERY SYNTAX THE MOST POPULAR SEARCH KEYWORDS ARCHITECTURE OF A SEARCH ENGINE THE SEARCH INDEX THE QUERY ENGINE THE SEARCH INTERFACE CRAWLING THE WEB CRAWLING ALGORITHMS REFRESHING WEB PAGES THE ROBOTS EXCLUSION PROTOCOL SPIDER TRAPS WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO DELIVER A GLOBAL SEARCH SERVICE? HOW DOES A SEARCH ENGINE WORK CONTENT RELEVANCE PROCESSING WEB PAGES INTERPRETING THE QUERY TERM FREQUENCY INVERSE DOCUMENT FREQUENCY COMPUTING KEYWORD TF–IDF VALUES CACHING QUERIES PHRASE MATCHING SYNONYMS LINK TEXT URL ANALYSIS DATE LAST UPDATED HTML STRUCTURE WEIGHTING SPELL CHECKING NON-ENGLISH QUERIES HOME PAGE DETECTION RELATED SEARCHES AND QUERY SUGGESTIONS LINK-BASED METRICS REFERENTIAL AND INFORMATIONAL LINKS COMBINING LINK ANALYSIS WITH CONTENT RELEVANCE ARE LINKS THE CURRENCY OF THE WEB? PAGERANK EXPLAINED ONLINE COMPUTATION OF PAGERANK MONTE CARLO METHODS IN PAGERANK COMPUTATION HYPERLINK-INDUCED TOPIC SEARCH STOCHASTIC APPROACH FOR LINK-STRUCTURE ANALYSIS COUNTING INCOMING LINKS THE BIAS OF PAGERANK AGAINST NEW PAGES PAGERANK WITHIN A COMMUNITY IN?UENCE OF WEBLOGS ON PAGERANK LINK SPAM CITATION ANALYSIS THE WIDE RANGING INTEREST IN PAGERANK POPULARITY-BASED METRICS DIRECT HIT’S POPULARITY METRIC DOCUMENT SPACE MODI?CATION USING QUERY LOG DATA TO IMPROVE SEARCH LEARNING TO RANK BROWSERANK EVALUATING SEARCH ENGINES SEARCH ENGINE AWARDS EVALUATION METRICS PERFORMANCE MEASURES EYE TRACKING STUDIES TEST COLLECTIONS INFERRING RANKING ALGORITHMS DIFFERENT TYPES OF SEARCH ENGINES DIRECTORIES AND CATEGORIZATION OF WEB CONTENT SEARCH ENGINE ADVERTISING PAID INCLUSION BANNER ADS SPONSORED SEARCH AND PAID PLACEMENT BEHAVIORAL TARGETING USER BEHAVIOR THE TRADE-OFF BETWEEN BIAS AND DEMAND SPONSORED SEARCH AUCTIONS PAY PER ACTION CLICK FRAUD AND OTHER FORMS OF ADVERTISING FRAUD METASEARCH FUSION ALGORITHMS OPERATIONAL METASEARCH ENGINES CLUSTERING SEARCH RESULTS CLASSIFYING SEARCH RESULTS PERSONALIZATION PERSONALIZATION VERSUS CUSTOMIZATION PERSONALIZED RESULTS TOOL PRIVACY AND SCALABILITY RELEVANCE FEEDBACK PERSONALIZED PAGERANK OUTRIDE’S PERSONALIZED SEARCH QUESTION ANSWERING (Q&A) ON THE WEB NATURAL LANGUAGE ANNOTATIONS FACTUAL QUERIES OPEN DOMAIN QUESTION ANSWERING SEMANTIC HEADERS IMAGE SEARCH TEXT-BASED IMAGE SEARCH CONTENT-BASED IMAGE SEARCH VISUALRANK CAPTCHA AND RECAPTCHA IMAGE SEARCH FOR FINDING LOCATION-BASED INFORMATION SPECIAL PURPOSE SEARCH ENGINES NAVIGATING THE WEB FRUSTRATION IN WEB BROWSING AND NAVIGATION HTML AND WEB SITE DESIGN HYPERLINKS AND SUR?NG WEB SITE DESIGN AND USABILITY NAVIGATION TOOLS THE BASIC BROWSER TOOLS THE BACK AND FORWARD BUTTONS SEARCH ENGINE TOOLBARS THE BOOKMARKS TOOL THE HISTORY LIST IDENTIFYING WEB PAGES BREADCRUMB NAVIGATION QUICKLINKS HYPERTEXT ORIENTATION TOOLS HYPERCARD PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT NAVIGATIONAL METRICS THE POTENTIAL GAIN STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF A WEB SITE MEASURING THE USABILITY OF WEB SITES WEB DATA MINING THREE PERSPECTIVES ON DATA MINING MEASURING THE SUCCESS OF A WEB SITE WEB ANALYTICS E-METRICS WEB ANALYTICS TOOLS WEBLOG FILE ANALYZERS IDENTIFYING THE SURFER SESSIONIZING SUPPLEMENTARY ANALYSES MARKOV CHAIN MODEL OF WEB SITE NAVIGATION APPLICATIONS OF WEB USAGE MINING INFORMATION EXTRACTION THE BEST TRAIL ALGORITHM EFFECTIVE VIEW NAVIGATION WEB USAGE MINING FOR PERSONALIZATION DEVELOPING A TRAIL ENGINE VISUALIZATION THAT AIDS NAVIGATION HOW TO VISUALIZE NAVIGATION PATTERNS OVERVIEW DIAGRAMS AND WEB SITE MAPS FISHEYE VIEWS VISUALIZING TRAILS WITHIN A WEB SITE VISUAL SEARCH ENGINES SOCIAL DATA ANALYSIS MAPPING CYBERSPACE NAVIGATION IN VIRTUAL AND PHYSICAL SPACES REAL-WORLD WEB USAGE MINING THE MUSEUM EXPERIENCE RECORDER NAVIGATING IN THE REAL WORLD THE MOBILE WEB THE PARADIGM OF MOBILE COMPUTING WIRELESS MARKUP LANGUAGE THE I-MODE SERVICE MOBILE WEB SERVICES M-COMMERCE DELIVERY OF PERSONALIZED NEWS DELIVERY OF LEARNING RESOURCES MOBILE DEVICE INTERFACES MOBILE WEB BROWSERS INFORMATION SEEKING ON MOBILE DEVICES TEXT ENTRY ON MOBILE DEVICES VOICE RECOGNITION FOR MOBILE DEVICES PRESENTING INFORMATION ON A MOBILE DEVICE THE NAVIGATION PROBLEM IN MOBILE PORTALS CLICK-DISTANCE ADAPTIVE MOBILE PORTALS ADAPTIVE WEB NAVIGATION MOBILE SEARCH MOBILE SEARCH INTERFACES SEARCH ENGINE SUPPORT FOR MOBILE DEVICES FOCUSED MOBILE SEARCH LAID BACK MOBILE SEARCH MOBILE QUERY LOG ANALYSIS PERSONALIZATION OF MOBILE SEARCH LOCATION-AWARE MOBILE SEARCH SOCIAL NETWORKS WHAT IS A SOCIAL NETWORK? MILGRAM’S SMALL-WORLD EXPERIMENT COLLABORATION GRAPHS INSTANT MESSAGING SOCIAL NETWORK THE SOCIAL WEB SOCIAL NETWORK START-UPS SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS SOCIAL NETWORK TERMINOLOGY THE STRENGTH OF WEAK TIES CENTRALITY WEB COMMUNITIES PAJEK: LARGE NETWORK ANALYSIS SOFTWARE PEER-TO-PEER NETWORKS CENTRALIZED P2P NETWORKS DECENTRALIZED P2P NETWORKS HYBRID P2P NETWORKS DISTRIBUTED HASH TABLES BITTORRENT FILE DISTRIBUTION JXTA P2P SEARCH INCENTIVES IN P2P SYSTEMS COLLABORATIVE FILTERING AMAZON COM COLLABORATIVE FILTERING EXPLAINED USER-BASED COLLABORATIVE FILTERING ITEM-BASED COLLABORATIVE FILTERING MODEL-BASED COLLABORATIVE FILTERING CONTENT-BASED RECOMMENDATION SYSTEMS EVALUATION OF COLLABORATIVE FILTERING SYSTEMS SCALABILITY OF COLLABORATIVE FILTERING SYSTEMS A CASE STUDY OF AMAZON CO UK THE NET?IX PRIZE SOME OTHER COLLABORATIVE FILTERING SYSTEMS WEBLOGS (BLOGS) BLOGROLLING BLOGSPACE BLOGS FOR TESTING MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS SPREADING IDEAS VIA BLOGS THE REAL-TIME WEB AND MICROBLOGGING POWER-LAW DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE WEB DETECTING POWER-LAW DISTRIBUTIONS POWER-LAW DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE INTERNET A LAW OF SUR?NG AND A LAW OF PARTICIPATION THE EVOLUTION OF THE WEB VIA PREFERENTIAL ATTACHMENT THE EVOLUTION OF THE WEB AS A MULTIPLICATIVE PROCESS THE EVOLUTION OF THE WEB VIA HOT SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS THE ROBUSTNESS AND VULNERABILITY OF A SCALE-FREE NETWORK SEARCHING IN SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIAL NAVIGATION SOCIAL SEARCH ENGINES NAVIGATION WITHIN SOCIAL NETWORKS NAVIGATION WITHIN SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS TESTING NAVIGATION STRATEGIES IN SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIAL TAGGING AND BOOKMARKING FLICKR—SHARING YOUR PHOTOS YOUTUBE—BROADCAST YOURSELF DELICIOUS FOR SOCIAL BOOKMARKING COMMUNITIES WITHIN CONTENT SHARING SITES SHARING SCHOLARLY REFERENCES FOLKSONOMY TAG CLOUDS TAG SEARCH AND BROWSING THE EF?CIENCY OF TAGGING CLUSTERING AND CLASSIFYING TAGS OPINION MINING FEATURE-BASED OPINION MINING SENTIMENT CLASSI?CATION COMPARATIVE SENTENCE AND RELATION EXTRACTION WEB 2 0 AND COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE AJAX SYNDICATION OPEN APIS, MASHUPS, AND WIDGETS SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE ALGORITHMS FOR COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE WIKIPEDIA—THE WORLD’S LARGEST ENCYCLOPEDIA EBAY—THE WORLD’S LARGEST ONLINE TRADING COMMUNITY THE FUTURE OF WEB SEARCH AND NAVIGATION