TUNABLE EXTERNAL CAVITY DIODE LASERS
CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 NEED FOR TUNABLE EXTERNAL CAVITY DIODE LASERS 1 2 BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE LASERS 1 3 REVIEW OF TUNABLE DIODE LASERS TUNABLE MONOLITHIC SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS TUNABLE EXTERNAL CAVITY DIODE LASERS COMPARISONS OF TECHNOLOGIES 2 BASICS OF SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE LASERS 2 1 PRINCIPLE OF DIODE LASER OPERATION ABSORPTION, SPONTANEOUS EMISSION, AND STIMULATED EMISSION REQUIREMENTS FOR LASING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE LASERS 2 2 SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE LASER STRUCTURES HOMOJUNCTION LASERS DOUBLE-HETEROSTRUCTURE LASERS QUANTUM WELL LASERS QUANTUM DOTS LASERS 2 3 BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF DIODE LASERS THRESHOLD CONDITION OUTPUT POWER BEAM DIVERGENCE AND ASTIGMATISM S ECTRAL C NTENTS 3 TUNABLE MONOLITHIC SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE LASERS 3 1 INTRODUCTION DBR AND DFB LASERS 3 2 TUNABLE MONOLITHIC DIODE LASERS DISTRIBUTED BRAGG RE?ECTOR DIODE LASER 3 2 1 1 BRAGG WAVELENGTH CONTROL 3 2 1 2 PHASE CONTROL 3 2 1 3 BRAGG WAVELENGTH AND PHASE CONTROL DISTRIBUTED FEEDBACK DIODE LASER 3 2 2 1 CORRUGATION PHASE CONTROL 3 2 2 2 MULTIELECTRODE SUMMARY OF TUNABLE MONOLITHIC DIODE LASER 3 3 WIDELY TUNABLE DIODE LASERS DBR-TYPE LASERS 3 3 1 1 SAMPLED GRATING DBR (SGDBR) LASERS 3 3 1 2 SUPERSTRUCTURE-GRATING DBR (SSGDBR)LASERS GRATING-ASSISTING CO-DIRECTIONAL COUPLER (GACC-DBR) GRATING-COUPLED SAMPLED-RE?ECTOR (GCSR) DIODE LASER ARRAYS VERTICAL-CAVITY SURFACE-EMITTING LASERS (VCSEL) OTHER WIDELY TUNABLE MONOLITHIC DIODE LASERS 3 3 6 1 DOUBLE-RING RESONANT COUPLED LASERS 3 3 6 2 LENSLESS TUNABLE EXTERNAL CAVITY LASERS 4 ELEMENTS FOR TUNABLE EXTERNAL CAVITY DIODE LASERS 4 1 INTRODUCTION 4 2 OPTICAL COUPLING COMPONENTS OPTICAL COATING ON LASER FACET DIODE LASER COLLIMATORS BEAM EXPANDER AND SHAPING OPTICAL ISOLATORS 4 3 ELECTRICAL CONTROL PARTS PELTIER COOLER TEMPERATURE SENSOR TEMPERATURE AND CURRENT CONTROLLER PIEZOELECTRICAL TRANSDUCER (PZT) 4 4 MECHANICALLY TUNED MODE-SELECTION ?LTERS DI?RACTION GRATINGS FIBER BRAGG GRATINGS FABRY-PEROT INTERFEROMETER AND BANDPASS INTERFERENCE ?LTER 4 5 ELECTRONICALLY TUNED MODE SELECTION ?LTERS LIQUID CRYSTAL SPATIAL LIGHT MODULATOR 4 5 1 1 LIQUID CRYSTAL 4 5 1 2 AMPLITUDE MODULATION 4 5 1 3 PHASE MODULATION BIREFRINGENCE ?LTER ACOUSTO-OPTIC TUNABLE ?LTER 5 SYSTEMS FOR TUNABLE EXTERNAL CAVITY DIODE LASERS 5 1 OPTICAL FEEDBACK IN EXTERNAL CAVITY DIODE LASERS GENERAL E?ECTS OF EXTERNAL OPTICAL FEEDBACK ON DIODE LASERS 5 1 1 1 THREE-MIRROR LASER CAVITY MODEL 5 1 1 2 EXTERNAL CAVITY MODES 5 1 1 3 DYNAMICAL PROPERTIES IMPLEMENTATION OF OPTICAL FEEDBACK 5 2 SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ECDLS 5 2 0 1 OUTPUT POWER 5 2 0 2 SINGLE-MODE TUNABILITY 5 2 0 3 LINEWIDTH 5 2 0 4 WAVELENGTH DEPENDENCE OF TEMPERATURE 5 3 SYSTEM OF TUNABLE EXTERNAL CAVITY DIODE LASERS ECDL CON?GURATION ECDL DESIGN ECDL ALIGNMENT 5 3 3 1 THRESHOLD CURRENT 5 3 3 2 OUTPUT POWER 5 4 GEOMETRY FOR MODE-HOP SUPPRESSION LITTROW CON?GURATION LITTMAN-METCALF 6 IMPLEMENTATION OF TUNABLE EXTERNAL CAVITY DIODE LASERS 6 1 WIDELY CONTINUOUS TUNABLE ECDLS MECHANICAL WIDE TUNING MICRO-ELECTRO-MECHANICAL-SYSTEM WIDE TUNING 6 2 ELECTRONICALLY TUNING EXTERNAL CAVITY DIODE LASER WAVELENGTH TUNABILITY BY ACOUSTO-OPTIC MODULATOR FREQUENCY CHIRPING BY ELECTRO-OPTIC MODULATOR WAVELENGTH TUNABILITY BY LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY 6 3 MISCELLANEOUS EXTERNAL CAVITY DIODE LASERS BLUE-VIOLET EXTERNAL CAVITY DIODE LASERS HIGH POWER EXTERNAL CAVITY DIODE LASERS BROADLY TUNABLE QUANTUM DOTS LASERS 7 FREQUENCY STABILIZATION OF TUNABLE EXTERNAL CAVITY DIODE LASERS 7 1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 BASIC CONCEPTS OF FREQUENCY STABILIZATION 7 3 FREQUENCY STABILIZATION SCHEMES AND APPARATUS INTERFEROMETERS: F-P ETALON ATOMIC TRANSITION LINE 7 3 2 1 SATURATED ABSORPTION 7 3 2 2 DICHROIC-ATOMIC-VAPOR LASER LOCK (DAVLL) GAS MOLECULAR ABSORPTION PERSISTENT SPECTRAL HOLE BURNING 7 4 OTHER FREQUENCY STABILIZATION SCHEMES 8 APPLICATIONS OF TUNABLE EXTERNAL CAVITY DIODE LASERS 8 1 ATOMIC CLOCKS AND MAGNETOMETRY ATOMIC CLOCK ATOMIC MAGNETOMETER 8 2 HIGH RESOLUTION LASER SPECTROSCOPY 8 3 QUANTUM MANIPULATION AND ENGINEERING 8 4 ACTIVELY MODE LOCKED DIODE LASERS 8 5 NONLINEAR FREQUENCY CONVERSION SECOND HARMONIC GENERATION FREQUENCY QUADRUPLING 8 6 OPTICAL TELECOMMUNICATION COHERENT SYSTEM AND DWDM TESTING AND MEASUREMENT 8 7 OTHER APPLICATIONS GAS MONITORING SENSOR LIDAR 9 CONCLUSIONS