DIFFRACTION AND IMAGING TECHNIQUES IN MATERIAL SCIENCE
CONTENTS AN INTRODUCTION TO HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CATALYSIS FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CATALYSIS: SOME BASIC DE?NITIONS ELECTRONIC CON?GURATIONS AND QUANTUM THEORY VALENCE ELECTRONS: EXAMPLES OF COMMON ELEMENTS CHEMICAL BONDING THERMODYNAMIC DE?NITIONS RELEVANT TO CATALYSIS AND THE ROLE OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ENERGY, ENTHALPY AND ENTROPY STRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY OF CARBONS AND HYDROCARBONS CATALYSIS AND BAND THEORY PH SCALE, LEWIS BRONSTED ACIDITY AND BASICITY BAND THEORY SOME IMPORTANT STRUCTURES OF SOLID CATALYSTS METALS AND OXIDES OXIDES JAHN–TELLER DISTORTION TITANIA (TIO2) SYSTEM RUTILE (TIO2) STRUCTURE ANATASE LAYER STRUCTURES PEROVSKITES AND PYROCHLORES CARBONS AS SUPPORTS IN CATALYSIS AND NEW FORMS OF CARBONS WITH ATOMIC SCALE BUILDING BLOCKS AMORPHOUS CARBON, GRAPHITE, FULLERENE AND CARBON NANOTUBES (CNT) NANOTUBES CARBONS AND CATALYTIC REACTIONS CHOICE AND DESIGN OF CATALYST SUPPORTS OR CARRIERS CARBON DEPOSITS POLYMERS 1 10 OXIDES AND NON-STOICHIOMETRY IN CATALYSIS AND THE UNIQUE ROLE OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 1 10 1 METHODS OF ACCOMMODATING NON-STOICHIOMETRY 1 10 2 POINT DEFECT MODELS 1 10 3 LARGER DEVIATIONS FROM STOICHIOMETRY 1 10 4 NON-STOICHIOMETRY IN METALLIC MONOXIDES 1 10 5 DEFECT ELIMINATION: CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC SHEAR (CS) 1 10 6 BACKGROUND TO EARLIER WORK 1 10 7 REACTION MECHANISM 1 10 8 BLOCK STRUCTURES 1 10 9 IN?NITELY ADAPTIVE STRUCTURES 1 10 10 VERNIER STRUCTURES 1 10 11 COHERENT INTERGROWTHS 1 10 12 CHEMICAL TWINNING 1 10 13 NOVEL GLIDE SHEAR MECHANISM IN ANION-DE?CIENT OXIDES 1 11 CATALYSIS BY OXIDES 1 11 1 NON-STOICHIOMETRY IN OXIDATION CATALYSIS 1 12 EXTENDED DEFECTS AND CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC SHEAR 1 12 1 RELEVANCE TO OXIDATION CATALYSIS 1 12 2 DISTINCTION BETWEEN SHEAR MECHANISMS AND DEFECT STRUCTURES 1 12 3 IMPORTANT ISSUES IN OXIDE CATALYSIS AND EM TECHNIQUES ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND DIFFRACTION IN HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS BACKGROUND IMAGING IN THE TEM CLASSI?CATION OF SOME IMPORTANT DEFECT STRUCTURES AND DIFFRACTION CONTRAST IN CATALYSIS HIGH-RESOLUTION TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (HRTEM) DEVELOPMENT OF HRTEM MULTI-SLICE HRTEM IMAGE SIMULATIONS SURFACE-PRO?LE IMAGING IN HRTEM CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ANALYSIS OF CATALYSTS IN THE EM X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY IN THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE ELECTRON ENERGY LOSS SPECTROSCOPY CONVERGENT (OR FOCUSED) BEAM ELECTRON DIFFRACTION THE DEVELOPMENT OF IN SITU ENVIRONMENTAL-TEM (ETEM) UNDER CONTROLLED REACTION ENVIRONMENTS TO PROBE CATALYSIS AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL BACKGROUND TO IN SITU ETEM IN SITU STUDIES OF DYNAMIC OXIDATION CATALYSIS IN ACTION UNDER HIGH GAS PRESSURES AND AT OPERATING TEMPERATURES RECENT ADVANCES IN IN SITU ATOMIC-RESOLUTION ETEM FOR PROBING GAS–CATALYST REACTIONS AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL NOVEL WET-ETEM DEVELOPMENT FOR NANOSCALE STUDIES OF LIQUID– CATALYST REACTIONS AT OPERATING TEMPERATURES SCANNING EM (SEM), CATHODOLUMINESCENCE IN CATALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SEM (ESEM) RECENT ADVANCES IN ULTRA HIGH-RESOLUTION LOW-VOLTAGE FE SEM (HR-LVSEM) AND EXTREME FESEM IN CATALYSIS EXTREME FESEM CATHODOLUMINESCENCE IN CATALYSIS SCANNING TRANSMISSION EM (STEM)—RECENT ADVANCES Z CONTRAST AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON TOMOGRAPHY 2 10 IMAGE PROCESSING 2 10 1 CHARGE-COUPLED DEVICES 2 11 OTHER DEVELOPMENTS 2 11 1 RE?ECTION EM 2 11 2 ELECTRON HOLOGRAPHY 2 11 3 OTHER SURFACE TECHNIQUES 2 12 PARALLEL CHEMICAL STUDIES AND CORRELATIONS WITH THE CATALYST MICROSTRUCTURE 2 12 1 ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CATALYST DISPERSION AND SURFACE AREAS 2 12 2 PHYSICAL ADSORPTION 2 12 3 CHEMISORPTION 2 12 4 COMPARISON OF SURFACE AREAS WITH ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY STUDIES OF CATALYSIS BY OXIDES SINGLE AND MIXED METAL OXIDE SYSTEMS: REDOX PATHWAYS AND ANION DE?CIENCY IN SITU DIRECT OBSERVATIONS OF SURFACE DEFECT STRUCTURES IN CATALYSTS UNDER CONTROLLED REDUCING ENVIRONMENTS AND METHODS FOR DEFECT ANALYSIS SHEAR DOMAINS AND CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC SHEAR (CS) PLANES IN CATALYTIC REDUCTION DO CS PLANES FORM AT CATALYST OPERATING TEMPERATURES AND HOW QUICKLY DO THEY FORM? COLLAPSE IN THE CATALYST’S STRUCTURE LEADING TO THE FORMATION OF CS PLANES GROWTH OF SURFACE DEFECTS: CS PLANES IN CATALYTIC REDUCTION AND CLIMB OF DISLOCATIONS DIRECT OBSERVATION OF DYNAMIC REDOX PROCESSES IN C3H6:O2 (OR AIR) MIXTURES: BEHAVIOUR OF SURFACE DEFECT STRUCTURES V2O5 CATALYSTS ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND DEFECT THERMODYNAMICS: A NEW UNDERSTANDING OF OXIDATION CATALYSIS DEVELOPMENT OF THERMODYNAMICS OF REACTING CATALYSTS BASED ON EM NEW UNDERSTANDING OF DEFECT MECHANISMS IN OXIDATION CATALYSIS FROM DYNAMIC ELECTRON MICROSCOPY SUPERSATURATION LEADING TO A MODI?ED MECHANISM FOR THE FORMATION OF CS PLANES IN OXIDES THE ROLE OF DEFECTS IN CATALYTIC REACTIONS CORRELATIONS OF THE CATALYST MICROSTRUCTURE WITH CATALYTIC ACTIVITY AND SELECTIVITY MULTI-COMPONENT (PRACTICAL) OXIDE CATALYSTS BISMUTH MOLYBDATE CATALYSTS REVIEW OF CRYSTAL STRUCTURES EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES DYNAMIC ELECTRON MICROSCOPY IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS IRON MOLYBDATES IN METHANOL OXIDATION REACTIONS VANADIUM PHOSPHATE (V–P–O) CATALYSTS FOR BUTANE OXIDATION TECHNOLOGY: THE ELUCIDATION OF ACTIVE SITES BY IN SITU ELECTRON MICROSCOPY SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VPO CATALYSTS 3 10 EXAMPLES OF OTHER MIXED METAL OXIDE SYSTEMS 3 10 1 HETEROPOLYACIDS 3 10 2 MIXED METAL AMORPHOUS AND SPINEL PHASE OXIDATION CATALYSTS DERIVED FROM CARBONATES 3 10 3 CA–MN–O PEROVSKITES 3 11 ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALLITES AND DOPANT DISTRIBUTIONS BY CATHODOLUMINESCENCE ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 3 11 1 SB–SN OXIDE CATALYSTS AND FE–SB–O CATALYSTS 3 13 THE KEY ROLE OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY IN THE DISCOVERY OF NOVEL REACTION MECHANISMS IN SELECTIVE OXIDATION CATALYSIS 3 14 STABLE SILICA-BASED CERAMIC OXIDE SUPPORTS FOR CATALYSTS: SOME RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 3 14 1 STRUCTURAL PRINCIPLES 3 14 2 NANOSTRUCTURE AND MICROCHEMISTRY 3 14 3 STABILIZATION MECHANISMS CATALYSIS BY ZEOLITES AND MOLECULAR SIEVES STRUCTURES, ACIDITY AND USES OF ZEOLITES SHAPE-SELECTIVE CATALYST SILICALITES AND ALUMINOPHOSPHATES DETERMINING THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES BY ED AND HRTEM: MALPO SOLID ACID CATALYSTS CATALYSIS BY SUPPORTED SMALL METAL PARTICLES RECENT DEVELOPMENTS FACILE VERSUS STRUCTURE-SENSITIVE REACTIONS PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MODEL AND PRACTICAL METALLIC CATALYSTS MONOMETALLICS: SINGLE METALS ON AMORPHOUS ALUMINA MODEL AND PRACTICAL (REAL-LIFE) BIMETALLIC SYSTEMS CATALYTIC MECHANISMS ON SUPPORTED METALS SINGLE METAL PARTICLES CERAMIC SURFACES METAL–CERAMIC INTERFACE INTERACTIONS: WETTING AND INTERFACIAL ENERGIES PARTICLE NUCLEATION AND SINTERING IN SUPPORTED METAL CATALYSTS PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS (PSD): MEASUREMENT OF DISPERSION OF METAL PARTICLES ON SUPPORTS SELECTIVE GAS ADSORPTION OR CHEMISORPTION PARTICLE MIGRATION MODEL AND ITS LIMITATIONS EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY SINTERING OF PT/ALUMINA RE-DISPERSION PHENOMENA SMALL PARTICLES IN HRTEM SUPPORTED METAL-PARTICLE CATALYSIS EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN SMALL METAL-PARTICLE CATALYSIS USING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY DETECTION AND SURFACE STRUCTURE OF VERY SMALL PARTICLES BY HRTEM IMAGE CONTRAST AND VISIBILITY OF SUPPORTED SMALL METAL CATALYST PARTICLES IN HRTEM THEORETICAL PROCEDURES AND CORRECTIONS OF SPHERICAL ABERRATION STRUCTURE OF SMALL METAL PARTICLES SINGLE CRYSTAL PARTICLES AND MULTIPLY TWINNED PARTICLES (MTP) EM STUDIES OF CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS AT METAL–SUPPORT INTERFACES 5 10 METAL–SUPPORT INTERACTIONS 5 10 1 STRONG METAL–SUPPORT INTERACTIONS (SMSI) AND ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES: IN SITU ATOMIC RESOLUTION ETEM 5 11 IN SITU ETEM STUDIES OF METAL–IRREDUCIBLE CERAMIC SUPPORT INTERACTIONS 5 11 1 COPPER/ALUMINA SYSTEMS IN DIFFERENT GAS ENVIRONMENTS 5 11 2 AG/ALUMINA 5 11 3 PD/ALUMINA AND THERMAL SINTERING 5 12 METHANOL SYNTHESIS AND OXIDATION REACTIONS 5 13 MONOMETALLIC NANOCATALYST SYSTEMS: COPPER NANOCATALYSTS SUPPORTED ON SILICA (CU/SIO2) 5 14 BIMETALLIC OR ALLOY SYSTEMS: ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION 5 14 1 CU–PD ALLOY SYSTEM: STRUCTURE, PHASE STABILITY AND CATALYSIS 5 14 2 DIFFUSE SCATTERING IN ESSENTIALLY PERFECT B2 CATALYST PARTICLES AND EWALD SPHERE 5 14 3 STATE OF THE ACTIVE CATALYSTS 5 14 4 CU–RU SYSTEM 5 14 5 PROMOTED PT CATALYSTS IN POLLUTION CONTROL 5 14 6 DIFFERENT SYNTHESIS ROUTES AND HRTEM OF BIMETALLIC SYSTEMS 5 14 7 WET-ETEM OF CATALYST–LIQUID REACTIONS AT OPERATING TEMPERATURES: CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION OF NITRILES IN THE LIQUID PHASE OVER NOVEL BIMETALLIC NANOCATALYSTS AND POLYMERIZATION 5 15 FISCHER–TROPSCH AND ZIEGLER–NATTA CATALYSTS ENVIRONMENTAL CATALYSIS AND CATALYST DESIGN PEROVSKITE-BASED CATALYSTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL: THE ROLE OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTING CUPRATES (HTSC) AS CATALYSTS LANTHANUM–COPPER-OXIDE-BASED SYSTEMS YTTRIUM–BARIUM–COPPER OXIDE SYSTEMS (Y–BA–CU–O) BISMUTH–COPPER–CALCIUM BASED SYSTEMS HYDRODESULFURIZATION (HDS) CATALYSIS NANOCATALYSTS IN EMISSION CONTROL, STEAM REFORMING, PHOTOCATALY- SIS AND FUEL CELL CATALYSIS NANOCATALYSTS FOR ALTERNATIVES TO CHLORO?UOROCARBONS CONCLUDING REMARKS REFERENCES