THE NATURE OF MATTER AND ELECTRICITY
CONTENTS CHAPTER RELATIVITY SPECIAL RELATIVITY TIME DILATION DOPPLER EFFECT LENGTH CONTRACTION TWIN PARADOX ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM RELATIVISTIC MOMENTUM MASS AND ENERGY ENERGY AND MOMENTUM GENERAL RELATIVITY GRAVITY IS A WARPING OF SPACETIME APPENDIX I: THE LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION APPENDIX II: SPACETIME CHAPTER PARTICLE PROPERTIES OF WAVES ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES BLACKBODY RADIATION PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT WHAT IS LIGHT? X-RAYS X-RAY DIFFRACTION COMPTON EFFECT PAIR PRODUCTION PHOTONS AND GRAVITY ALTHOUGH THEY LACK REST MASS, PHOTONS BEHAVE AS THOUGH THEY HAVE GRAVITATIONAL MASS CHAPTER WAVE PROPERTIES OF PARTICLES DE BROGLIE WAVES WAVES OF WHAT? DESCRIBING A WAVE PHASE AND GROUP VELOCITIES PARTICLE DIFFRACTION PARTICLE IN A BOX UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE I UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE II APPLYING THE UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE A USEFUL TOOL, NOT JUST A NEGATIVE STATEMENT CHAPTER ATOMIC STRUCTURE THE NUCLEAR ATOM ELECTRON ORBITS ATOMIC SPECTRA THE BOHR ATOM ENERGY LEVELS AND SPECTRA CORRESPONDENCE PRINCIPLE NUCLEAR MOTION ATOMIC EXCITATION THE LASER HOW TO PRODUCE LIGHT WAVES ALL IN STEP APPENDIX: RUTHERFORD SCATTERING QUANTUM MECHANICS THE WAVE EQUATION SCHRÖDINGER’S EQUATION: TIME-DEPENDENT FORM LINEARITY AND SUPERPOSITION EXPECTATION VALUES OPERATORS SCHRÖDINGER’S EQUATION: STEADY-STATE FORM FINITE POTENTIAL WELL TUNNEL EFFECT HARMONIC OSCILLATOR ITS ENERGY LEVELS ARE EVENLY SPACED APPENDIX: THE TUNNEL EFFECT QUANTUM THEORY OF THE HYDROGEN ATOM SCHRÖDINGER’S EQUATION FOR THE HYDROGEN ATOM SEPARATION OF VARIABLES QUANTUM NUMBERS PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER ORBITAL QUANTUM NUMBER MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER ELECTRON PROBABILITY DENSITY RADIATIVE TRANSITIONS SELECTION RULES ZEEMAN EFFECT HOW ATOMS INTERACT WITH A MAGNETIC FIELD CHAPTER MANY-ELECTRON ATOMS ELECTRON SPIN EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE SYMMETRIC AND ANTISYMMETRIC WAVE FUNCTIONS PERIODIC TABLE ATOMIC STRUCTURES EXPLAINING THE PERIODIC TABLE SPIN-ORBIT COUPLING TOTAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM X-RAY SPECTRA THEY ARISE FROM TRANSITIONS TO INNER SHELLS APPENDIX: ATOMIC SPECTRA MOLECULES THE MOLECULAR BOND ELECTRON SHARING MOLECULAR ION THE HYDROGEN MOLECULE COMPLEX MOLECULES ROTATIONAL ENERGY LEVELS VIBRATIONAL ENERGY LEVELS ELECTRONIC SPECTRA OF MOLECULES HOW FLUORESCENCE AND PHSOPHORESCENCE OCCUR CHAPTER STATISTICAL MECHANICS STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS MAXWELL-BOLTZMANN STATISTICS MOLECULAR ENERGIES IN AN IDEAL GAS THEY VARY ABOUT AN AVERAGE OF QUANTUM STATISTICS RAYLEIGH-JEANS FORMULA PLANCK RADIATION LAW EINSTEIN’S APPROACH SPECIFIC HEATS OF SOLIDS FREE ELECTRONS IN A METAL ELECTRON-ENERGY DISTRIBUTION DYING STARS WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A STAR RUNS OUT OF FUEL CHAPTER THE SOLID STATE CRYSTALLINE AND AMORPHOUS SOLIDS IONIC CRYSTALS COVALENT CRYSTALS VAN DER WAALS BOND METALLIC BOND BAND THEORY OF SOLIDS SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES ENERGY BANDS: ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS SUPERCONDUCTIVITY BOUND ELECTRON PAIRS THE KEY TO SUPERCONDUCTIVITY CHAPTER NUCLEAR STRUCTURE NUCLEAR COMPOSITION SOME NUCLEAR PROPERTIES STABLE NUCLEI BINDING ENERGY LIQUID-DROP MODEL SHELL MODEL MESON THEORY OF NUCLEAR FORCES PARTICLE EXCHANGE CAN PRODUCE EITHER ATTRACTION OR REPULSION CHAPTER NUCLEAR TRANSFORMATIONS RADIOACTIVE DECAY HALF-LIFE RADIOACTIVE SERIES ALPHA DECAY BETA DECAY GAMMA DECAY CROSS SECTION NUCLEAR REACTIONS NUCLEAR FISSION NUCLEAR REACTORS NUCLEAR FUSION IN STARS FUSION REACTORS THE ENERGY SOURCE OF THE FUTURE? APPENDIX: THEORY OF ALPHA DECAY ELEMENTARY PARTICLES INTERACTIONS AND PARTICLES LEPTONS HADRONS ELEMENTARY PARTICLE QUANTUM NUMBERS QUARKS FIELD BOSONS THE STANDARD MODEL AND BEYOND HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSE THE FUTURE