LESSONS IN PHYSICS
CONTENTS AND IMPORTANCE OF ATOMIC PHYSICS MOLECULES: BUILDING BLOCKS OF NATURE SURVEY ON THE CONCEPT OF THIS TEXTBOOK HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL PROOFS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF ATOMS DALTON’S LAW OF CONSTANT PROPORTIONS THE LAW OF GAY-LUSSAC AND THE DE?NITION OF THE MOLE EXPERIMENTAL METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF AVOGADRO’S CONSTANT THE IMPORTANCE OF KINETIC GAS THEORY FOR THE CONCEPT OF ATOMS CAN ONE SEE ATOMS? BROWNIAN MOTION CLOUD CHAMBER MICROSCOPES WITH ATOMIC RESOLUTION THE SIZE OF ATOMS THE SIZE OF ATOMS IN THE VAN DER WAALS EQUATION ATOMIC SIZE ESTIMATION FROM TRANSPORT COEF?CIENTS ATOMIC VOLUMES FROM X-RAY DIFFRACTION COMPARISON OF THE DIFFERENT METHODS THE ELECTRIC STRUCTURE OF ATOMS CATHODE RAYS AND KANALSTRAHLEN MEASUREMENT OF THE ELEMENTARY CHARGE E HOW TO PRODUCE FREE ELECTRONS GENERATION OF FREE IONS THE MASS OF THE ELECTRON HOW NEUTRAL IS THE ATOM? ELECTRON AND ION OPTICS REFRACTION OF ELECTRON BEAMS ELECTRON OPTICS IN AXIALLY SYMMETRIC FIELDS ELECTROSTATIC ELECTRON LENSES MAGNETIC LENSES APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRON AND ION OPTICS ATOMIC MASSES AND MASS SPECTROMETERS J J THOMSON’S PARABOLA SPECTROGRAPH VELOCITY-INDEPENDENT FOCUSING FOCUSING OF IONS WITH DIFFERENT ANGLES OF INCIDENCE MASS SPECTROMETER WITH DOUBLE FOCUSING TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETER QUADRUPOLE MASS SPECTROMETER ION-CYCLOTRON-RESONANCE SPECTROMETER ISOTOPES THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS INTEGRAL AND DIFFERENTIAL CROSS SECTIONS BASIC CONCEPTS OF CLASSICAL SCATTERING DETERMINATION OF THE CHARGE DISTRIBUTION WITHIN THE ATOM FROM SCATTERING EXPERIMENTS THOMSON’S ATOMIC MODEL THE RUTHERFORD ATOMIC MODEL RUTHERFORD’S SCATTERING FORMULA SUMMARY PROBLEMS EXPERIMENTAL HINTS TO THE PARTICLE CHARACTER OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION BLACKBODY RADIATION CAVITY MODES PLANCK’S RADIATION LAW WIEN’S LAW STEFAN–BOLTZMANN’S RADIATION LAW PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT COMPTON EFFECT PROPERTIES OF PHOTONS PHOTONS IN GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS WAVE AND PARTICLE ASPECTS OF LIGHT WAVE PROPERTIES OF PARTICLES DE BROGLIE WAVELENGTH AND ELECTRON DIFFRACTION DIFFRACTION AND INTERFERENCE OF ATOMS BRAGG RE?ECTION AND THE NEUTRON SPECTROMETER NEUTRON AND ATOM INTERFEROMETRY APPLICATION OF PARTICLE WAVES MATTER WAVES AND WAVE FUNCTIONS WAVE PACKETS THE STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION OF WAVE FUNCTIONS HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE DISPERSION OF THE WAVE PACKET UNCERTAINTY RELATION FOR ENERGY AND TIME THE QUANTUM STRUCTURE OF ATOMS ATOMIC SPECTRA BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL THE STABILITY OF ATOMS FRANCK–HERTZ EXPERIMENT WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM PHYSICS? CLASSICAL PARTICLE PATHS VERSUS PROBABILITY DENSITIES IN QUANTUM PHYSICS INTERFERENCE PHENOMENA WITH LIGHT WAVES AND MATTER WAVES THE EFFECT OF THE MEASURING PROCESS THE IMPORTANCE OF QUANTUM PHYSICS FOR OUR CONCEPT OF NATURE THE SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION SOME EXAMPLES THE FREE PARTICLE POTENTIAL BARRIER TUNNEL EFFECT PARTICLE IN A POTENTIAL BOX HARMONIC OSCILLATOR TWO-AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS PARTICLE IN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL BOX PARTICLE IN A SPHERICALLY SYMMETRIC POTENTIAL EXPECTATION VALUES AND OPERATORS OPERATORS AND EIGENVALUES ANGULAR MOMENTUM IN QUANTUM MECHANICS SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION FOR ONE-ELECTRON SYSTEMS SEPARATION OF THE CENTER OF MASS AND RELATIVE MOTION SOLUTION OF THE RADIAL EQUATION QUANTUM NUMBERS AND WAVE FUNCTIONS OF THE H ATOM SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS AND EXPECTATION VALUES OF THE ELECTRON IN DIFFERENT QUANTUM STATES THE NORMAL ZEEMAN EFFECT COMPARISON OF SCHRÖDINGER THEORY WITH EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS RELATIVISTIC CORRECTION OF ENERGY TERMS THE ELECTRON SPIN THE STERN–GERLACH EXPERIMENT EXPERIMENTAL CON?RMATION OF ELECTRON SPIN EINSTEIN–DE HAAS EFFECT SPIN-ORBIT COUPLING AND FINE STRUCTURE ANOMALOUS ZEEMAN EFFECT HYPER?NE STRUCTURE BASIC CONSIDERATIONS FERMI-CONTACT INTERACTION MAGNETIC DIPOLE-DIPOLE INTERACTION ZEEMAN EFFECT OF HYPER?NE STRUCTURE LEVELS COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF THE HYDROGEN ATOM TOTAL WAVE FUNCTION AND QUANTUM NUMBERS TERM ASSIGNMENT AND LEVEL SCHEME LAMB SHIFT CORRESPONDENCE PRINCIPLE THE ELECTRON MODEL AND ITS PROBLEMS THE HELIUM ATOM APPROXIMATION MODELS SYMMETRY OF THE WAVE FUNCTION CONSIDERATION OF THE ELECTRON SPIN THE PAULI PRINCIPLE ENERGY LEVELS OF THE HELIUM ATOM HELIUM SPECTRUM BUILDING-UP PRINCIPLE OF THE ELECTRON SHELL FOR LARGER ATOMS THE MODEL OF ELECTRON SHELLS SUCCESSIVE BUILDING-UP OF ELECTRON SHELLS FOR ATOMS WITH INCREASING NUCLEAR CHARGE ATOMIC VOLUMES AND IONIZATION ENERGIES THE PERIODIC SYSTEM OF THE ELEMENTS ALKALI ATOMS THEORETICAL MODELS FOR MULTIELECTRON ATOMS THE MODEL OF INDEPENDENT ELECTRONS THE HARTREE METHOD THE HARTREE–FOCK METHOD CON?GURATION INTERACTION ELECTRON CON?GURATIONS AND COUPLINGS OF ANGULAR MOMENTA COUPLING SCHEMES FOR ELECTRONIC ANGULAR MOMENTA ELECTRON CON?GURATION AND ATOMIC STATES EXCITED ATOMIC STATES SINGLE ELECTRON EXCITATION SIMULTANEOUS EXCITATION OF TWO ELECTRONS INNER-SHELL EXCITATION AND THE AUGER PROCESS RYDBERG STATES PLANETARY ATOMS EXOTIC ATOMS MUONIC ATOMS PIONIC AND KAONIC ATOMS ANTI-HYDROGEN ATOMS AND OTHER ANTI-ATOMS POSITRONIUM AND MUONIUM TRANSITION PROBABILITIES INDUCED AND SPONTANEOUS TRANSITIONS, EINSTEIN COEF?CIENTS TRANSITION PROBABILITIES, EINSTEIN COEF?CIENTS AND MATRIX ELEMENTS TRANSITION PROBABILITIES FOR ABSORPTION AND INDUCED EMISSION SELECTION RULES SELECTION RULES FOR SPONTANEOUS EMISSION SELECTION RULES FOR THE MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER PARITY SELECTION RULES SELECTION RULES FOR INDUCED ABSORPTION AND EMISSION SELECTION RULES FOR THE SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER HIGHER ORDER MULTIPOLE TRANSITIONS MAGNETIC DIPOLE TRANSITIONS TWO-PHOTON-TRANSITIONS LIFETIMES OF EXCITED STATES LINE PRO?LES OF SPECTRAL LINES NATURAL LINEWIDTH DOPPLER BROADENING COLLISION BROADENING X-RAYS BREMSSTRAHLUNG CHARACTERISTIC X-RAY-RADIATION SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION OF X-RAYS X-RAY FLUORESCENCE MEASUREMENTS OF X-RAY WAVELENGTHS CONTINUOUS ABSORPTION AND EMISSION SPECTRA PHOTOIONIZATION RECOMBINATION RADIATION PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES THRESHOLD CONDITION GENERATION OF POPULATION INVERSION THE FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF INDUCED EMISSION OPTICAL RESONATORS THE QUALITY FACTOR OF RESONATORS OPEN OPTICAL RESONATORS MODES OF OPEN RESONATORS DIFFRACTION LOSSES OF OPEN RESONATORS THE FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF OPTICAL RESONATORS SINGLE MODE LASERS DIFFERENT TYPES OF LASERS SOLID-STATE LASERS SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS DYE LASERS GAS LASERS NONLINEAR OPTICS OPTICAL FREQUENCY DOUBLING PHASE MATCHING OPTICAL FREQUENCY MIXING GENERATION OF SHORT LASER PULSES Q-SWITCHED LASERS MODE-LOCKING OF LASERS OPTICAL PULSE COMPRESSION MEASUREMENTS OF ULTRASHORT OPTICAL PULSES THE H+ 2 MOLECULAR ION THE EXACT SOLUTION FOR THE RIGID H+ 2 MOLECULE MOLECULAR ORBITALS AND LCAO APPROXIMATIONS IMPROVEMENTS TO THE LCAO ANSATZ THE H2 MOLECULE MOLECULAR ORBITAL APPROXIMATION THE HEITLER–LONDON METHOD COMPARISON BETWEEN THE TWO APPROXIMATIONS IMPROVEMENTS TO THE APPROXIMATIONS ELECTRONIC STATES OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES THE ENERGETIC ORDER OF ELECTRONIC STATES SYMMETRY PROPERTIES OF ELECTRONIC STATES ELECTRONIC ANGULAR MOMENTA ELECTRON SPINS, MULTIPLICITY AND FINE STRUCTURE SPLITTINGS ELECTRON CON?GURATIONS AND MOLECULAR GROUND STATES EXCITED MOLECULAR STATES EXCIMERS CORRELATION DIAGRAMS THE PHYSICAL REASONS FOR MOLECULAR BINDING THE CHEMICAL BOND MULTIPOLE INTERACTION INDUCED DIPOLE MOMENTS AND VAN DER WAALS POTENTIAL GENERAL EXPANSION OF THE INTERACTION POTENTIAL THE MORSE POTENTIAL DIFFERENT BINDING TYPES ROTATION AND VIBRATION OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES THE BORN-OPPENHEIMER APPROXIMATION THE RIGID ROTOR CENTRIFUGAL DISTORTION THE IN?UENCE OF THE ELECTRON MOTION VIBRATIONS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES INTERACTION BETWEEN ROTATION AND VIBRATION THE DUNHAM EXPANSION ROTATIONAL BARRIER SPECTRA OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES TRANSITION MATRIX ELEMENTS VIBRATIONAL-ROTATIONAL TRANSITIONS THE STRUCTURE OF ELECTRONIC TRANSITIONS CONTINUOUS SPECTRA ELECTRONIC STATES OF POLYATOMIC MOLECULES THE H2O MOLECULE HYBRIDIZATION THE CO2 MOLECULE WALSH DIAGRAMS MOLECULES WITH MORE THAN THREE ATOMS THE NH3 MOLECULE FORMALDEHYDE AND OTHER H2AB MOLECULES AROMATIC MOLECULES AND ?-ELECTRON SYSTEMS ROTATION OF POLYATOMIC MOLECULES ROTATION OF SYMMETRIC TOP MOLECULES ASYMMETRIC ROTOR MOLECULES VIBRATIONS OF POLYATOMIC MOLECULES NORMAL VIBRATIONS QUANTITATIVE TREATMENT COUPLINGS BETWEEN VIBRATIONS AND ROTATIONS SPECTRA OF POLYATOMIC MOLECULES VIBRATIONAL TRANSITIONS WITHIN THE SAME ELECTRONIC STATE ROTATIONAL STRUCTURE OF VIBRATIONAL BANDS ELECTRONIC TRANSITIONS CLUSTERS PRODUCTION OF CLUSTERS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CLUSTERS CHEMICAL REACTIONS FIRST ORDER REACTIONS SECOND ORDER REACTIONS EXOTHERMIC AND ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS DETERMINATION OF ABSOLUTE REACTION RATES MOLECULAR DYNAMICS AND WAVE PACKETS BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES SPECTROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS SPECTROMETERS INTERFEROMETERS DETECTORS MICROWAVE SPECTROSCOPY INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY INFRARED SPECTROMETERS FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTROSCOPY LASER SPECTROSCOPY LASER-ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY OPTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY OPTOGALVANIC SPECTROSCOPY CAVITY-RINGDOWN SPECTROSCOPY LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY IONIZATION SPECTROSCOPY LASER SPECTROSCOPY IN MOLECULAR BEAMS NONLINEAR LASER SPECTROSCOPY SATURATION SPECTROSCOPY 11 5 10 DOPPLER-FREE TWO-PHOTON SPECTROSCOPY RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY BASIC PRINCIPLES COHERENT ANTI-STOKES RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY SPECTROSCOPY WITH SYNCHROTRON RADIATION ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY EXPERIMENTS ON ELECTRON SCATTERING PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY ZEKE SPECTROSCOPY MEASUREMENTS OF MAGNETIC AND ELECTRIC MOMENTS IN ATOMS AND MOLECULES THE RABI-METHOD OF RADIO-FREQUENCY SPECTROSCOPY STARK-SPECTROSCOPY 11 10 INVESTIGATIONS OF ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR COLLISIONS 11 10 1 ELASTIC SCATTERING 11 10 2 INELASTIC SCATTERING 11 10 3 REACTIVE SCATTERING 11 11 TIME-RESOLVED MEASUREMENTS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES 11 11 1 LIFETIME MEASUREMENTS 11 11 2 FAST RELAXATION PROCESSES IN ATOMS AND MOLECULES OPTICAL COOLING AND TRAPPING OF ATOMS PHOTON RECOIL OPTICAL COOLING OF ATOMS OPTICAL TRAPPING OF ATOMS BOSE–EINSTEIN CONDENSATION MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY IN A MOT TIME-RESOLVED SPECTROSCOPY IN THE FEMTOSECOND RANGE TIME-RESOLVED MOLECULAR VIBRATIONS FEMTOSECOND TRANSITION STATE DYNAMICS COHERENT CONTROL OPTICAL METROLOGY WITH NEW TECHNIQUES FREQUENCY COMB ATOMIC CLOCKS WITH TRAPPED IONS SQUEEZING NEW TRENDS IN QUANTUM OPTICS WHICH WAY EXPERIMENTS THE EINSTEIN–PODOLSKI–ROSEN PARADOX SCHRÖDINGER’S CAT ENTANGLEMENT AND QUANTUM BITS QUANTUM GATES CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS SOLUTIONS TO THE EXERCISES REFERENCES