AERONOMY, PART B
CONTENTS CHAPTER CHAPTER THUNDERSTORM ELECTRICITY EVENTS OBSERVED DURING THUNDERSTORMS 3 3 4 PERCEPTION AND MEMORY OF UNUSUAL EVENTS 3 3 5 AFTERIMAGES AND PERSISTENCE OF VISION 3 3 6 MAGNETIC PHOSPHENES 3 3 7 MISCELLANEOUS PERCEPTUAL PHENOMENA 3 3 8 HOAXES AND HALLUCINATIONS 3 4 LIMITATIONS OF REPORTS BASED ON VISUAL OBSERVATION ALONE 3 5 THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE UNUSUAL FORMS OF LIGHTNING ATMOSPHERICS AND RADIO NOISE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS DISCUSSION OF CASE HISTORIES LIGHTNING CHAPTER ASSESSMENT OF RISK TO AIRCRAFT BALL LIGHTNING EXTERNAL TO AIRCRAFT BALL LIGHTNING SEEN INSIDE AIRCRAFT 7 1 1 CASES WHERE DAMAGE HAS BEEN SUSTAINED 7 1 2 CASES WHERE AIRCRAFT HAVE NOT SUSTAINED DAMAGE 7 2 1 CASE HISTORIES DISCUSSION ASSESSMENT OF RISK TO TREES 8 1 NO CLEAR EVIDENCE OF CONTACT BETWEEN BALL LIGHTNING AND A TREE 8 2 REPORTS OF CONTACT BETWEEN BALL LIGHTNING AND A TREE 8 3 CONVENTIONAL LINEAR LIGHTNING AND TREES 8 4 DOES BALL LIGHTNING DAMAGE TREES? PHOTOGRAPHS AND VIDEOTAPES 9 1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 9 2 CAUSES OF MISIDENTIFICATION 9 3 STILL PHOTOGRAPHS 9 4 FILMS AND VIDEOTAPES 9 5 INSTRUMENTED OBSERVATIONS 9 6 CONCLUSIONS THE EXISTENCE OF BALL LIGHTNING 10 1 THE PROBLEM OF RANDOM, TRANSIENT PHENOMENA 10 2 OCKHAM’S RAZOR AND OTHER PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTIONS 10 3 SKEPTICAL VIEWS OTHER VORTEX STRUCTURES 12 5 INTERNAL ENERGY MODELS POWERED BY ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION 12 6 CHEMICAL PROCESSES 12 6 1 CHEMICAL REACTION 12 6 2 COMBUSTION 12 7 DUST, DROPLETS, DIRTY PLASMAS, AEROSOLS, AND FRACTAL STRUCTURES 12 8 NUCLEAR PROCESSES 12 9 CHARGE SEPARATION 12 10 IONS MODELS BASED ON AN EXTERNAL ENERGY SOURCE 13 1 DIRECT CURRENT DISCHARGE MODELS 13 2 MICROWAVE RESONANCE MODELS CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS DEFINITIONS BALL LIGHTNING IS REPORTED TO HAVE THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS: IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH THUNDERSTORMS IT IS LUMINOUS AND ROUGHLY SPHERICAL, WITH A MODAL DIAMETER