THE PROGRESS OF PHYSICS
1 Introduction ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1 2 Charge-Exchange Technologies ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 5 21 Features of Charge Exchange for the Production and Use of Accelerated Particles ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 5 22 Regularities in the Redistribution in Mass and Charge of Accelerated Particles ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 7 23 Charge-Exchange Tandem Accelerators ?????????????????????????????????????????? 11 24 Super-Collimated Beam Production ???????????????????????????????????????????????? 13 25 Charge-Exchange Extraction of Particles from Accelerators ?????????? 13 26 Charge-Exchange Distribution of Accelerated Particle Beams ???????? 14 27 Charge-Exchange Injection into Accelerators and Accumulator Rings ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 14 28 Charge-Exchange Injection into Magnetic Plasma Traps ???????????????? 27 29 Summary ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 29 3 Methods of Negative Ion Production ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 31 31 Formation and Destruction of Negative Ions ???????????????????????????????????? 32 32 Charge-Exchange Methods for Negative Ion Production ???????????????? 34 33 Charge-Exchange Negative Ion Sources ?????????????????????????????????????????? 37 34 Charge-Exchange Polarized Negative Ion Sources ?????????????????????????? 41 35 Cold Muonium Negative Ion Production ?????????????????????????????????????????? 45 36 Negative Ion Beam Formation from Gaseous Plasmas ???????????????????? 47 37 Formation and Destruction of Negative Ions in a Gaseous Plasma ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 48 38 Beam Formation from Negative Ions Generated in the Plasma Volume ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 53 39 Plasma Volume Sources of Negative Ions ???????????????????????????????????????? 54 310 Thermionic Production of Negative Ion Beams ?????????????????????????????? 66 311 Secondary Emission (Sputtering) Production of Negative Ion Beams ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 68 312 Summary ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 72 4 Surface Plasma Production of Negative Ions ?????????????????????????????????????????? 73 41 Early Experiments on Negative Ion Production in Cesiated Discharges ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 73 42 Studies of Negative Ion Emission from Hydrogen Plasma with Added Cesium ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 83 43 Energy Spectra of H? Ions in Surface Plasma Sources ???????????????????? 94 44 Advanced Design Options for Surface Plasma Sources ?????????????????? 99 45 Emissive Properties of Electrodes in Surface Plasma Source Discharges ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 107 46 Plasma Parameters and Negative Ion Destruction in the Plasma ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 115 47 Cesium in Surface Plasma Sources ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 120 48 Physical Basis of the Surface Plasma Method of Negative Ion Production ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 129 49 Regularities in the Formation of Reflected, Sputtered, and Evaporated Particles ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 131 410 Electron Capture to the Electron Affinity Levels for Sputtered, Reflected, and Evaporated Particles ?????????????????????????? 133 411 Implementation of Surface Plasma Production of Negative Ion Beams ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 142 5 Surface Plasma Negative Ion Sources ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 155 51 Surface Plasma H? Ion Sources for Accelerators ???????????????????????????? 155 52 Design of Surface Plasma H? Ion Sources for Accelerators ???????????? 157 53 Formation of H? Ion Beams in Surface Plasma Sources for Accelerators ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 162 54 Surface Plasma Sources with Penning Discharge for Microlithography ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 167 55 Semiplanotron, Geometric Focusing ???????????????????????????????????????????????? 168 56 Semiplanotrons for Accelerators ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 176 57 Semiplanotrons with Spherical Focusing for Continuous Operation ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 177 58 Compact Surface Plasma Sources for Heavy Negative Ion Production ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 184 59 Development of Surface Plasma Sources World-Wide ???????????????????? 187 591 Surface Plasma Sources at Los Alamos National Laboratory ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 192 592 Surface Plasma Sources at Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 198 593 Surface Plasma Sources at Oak Ridge National Laboratory ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 202 594 CW Surface Plasma Sources at the Budker Institute, Novosibirsk ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 203 510 Large Volume Surface Plasma Sources with Self-Extraction ?????????? 207 511 Large Volume Surface Plasma Sources for Accelerators ?????????????????? 208 512 Large Volume Surface Plasma Sources for Heavy Ion Production ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 214 513 Surface Plasma Sources for Intense Neutral Beam Production for Controlled Fusion ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? 217 514 RF Surface Plasma Sources for ITER ?????????????????????????????????????????????? 221 515 Neutral Beam Injector with RF SPS Development at Novosibirsk ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 228 516 RF Surface Plasma Sources for Spallation Neutron Sources ?????????? 237 517 Carbon Films in RF Surface Plasma Sources with Cesiation ?????????? 245 518 Poisoning and Recovery of Converter Surfaces ??????????????????????????????? 250 519 RF Surface Plasma Sources with External Antenna ???????????????????????? 252 520 RF Surface Plasma Sources with Solenoidal Magnetic Field ?????????? 256 521 Testing RF Surface Plasma Sources with Saddle Antenna and Magnetic Field ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 267 522 Estimation of H? Ion Beam Generation Efficiency ?????????????????????????? 274 523 RF Surface Plasma Source Operation in Continuous Mode ???????????? 276 524 RF Surface Plasma Sources at CERN ?????????????????????????????????????????????? 280 525 Surface Plasma Sources at J-PARC, Japan ?????????????????????????????????????? 283 526 Surface Plasma Sources for Low Energy Neutrals ?????????????????????????? 289 6 Transport of High Brightness Negative Ion Beams ???????????????????????????????? 295 7 General Remarks on Surface Plasma Sources ???????????????????????????????????????? 309 71 Conclusion ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 318 References ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 319