SCATTERING AND STRUCTURES
CONTENTS PHOTON SCATTERING COMPTON E?ECT THOMSON SCATTERING CLASSICAL DERIVATION QUANTUM MECHANICAL DERIVATION QUANTUM MECHANICAL INTERPRETATION OF RE FORM FACTOR GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE FORM FACTOR DYNAMICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE FORM FACTOR RECOILLESS SCATTERING O?CRYSTALS PHOTON SCATTERING O?FREE ELECTRONS LITERATURE LEPTON SCATTERING ELECTRON-QUARK SCATTERING MOTT SCATTERING INCLUSION OF QUARK SPIN ELECTRON-NUCLEON SCATTERING NUCLEON RADIUS NUCLEON FORM FACTOR NEUTRINO-ELECTRON SCATTERING NEUTRINO-QUARK SCATTERING WEAK POTENTIAL QUASI-ELASTIC LEPTON-QUARK SCATTERING VIRTUAL WEIZS¨ACKER–WILLIAMS PHOTONS VIRTUAL BJORKEN–FEYNMAN PARTONS ELECTRON SCATTERING O?QUARKS NEUTRINO SCATTERING O?QUARKS GLUON BREMSSTRAHLUNG COUPLING CONSTANTS ELECTROMAGNETIC COUPLING CONSTANT ? STRONG COUPLING CONSTANT ?S WEAK COUPLING CONSTANT ?W THE HYDROGEN ATOM LEVEL DIAGRAM SEMICLASSICAL DIRAC LEVEL DIAGRAM ZITTERBEWEGUNG SPIN-ORBIT SPLITTING LAMB SHIFT ZERO-POINT OSCILLATION HYPER?NE STRUCTURE HYDROGEN-LIKE ATOMS MUONIC ATOMS MANY ELECTRON ATOMS BINDING ENERGIES THE HELIUM ATOM CORRELATIONS THE NEGATIVE H?ION THE 2S, 2P SHELLS ATOMIC RADII HYDROGEN AND HELIUM THOMAS–FERMI MODEL ALTERNATIVE DE?NITIONS ATOMS WITH MAGNETIC MOMENT FERROMAGNETISM AND ANTIFERROMAGNETISM HADRONS QUARKONIA HADRONS FROM LIGHT QUARKS NONRELATIVISTIC QUARK MODEL CHIRAL SYMMETRY BREAKING CONSTITUENT QUARK THE PION GENERALISATION TO M0 > 0 AND TWO QUARK FLAVOURS THE PION AS A COLLECTIVE STATE COVALENT AND IONIC BONDING THE COVALENT BOND THE HYDROGEN MOLECULE – A CASE OF BROKEN SYMMETRY AN ANALOGY COVALENT BOND IN THE (2S, 2P) SHELLS ENERGY SOURCE OXYGEN IONIC BONDS INTERMOLECULAR FORCES VAN DER WAALS INTERACTION VAN DER WAALS INTERACTION BETWEEN AN ATOM AND A CONDUCTING WALL VAN DER WAALS INTERACTION BETWEEN TWO ATOMS WALL–WALL INTERACTION HYDROGEN BRIDGE BOND WATER WATER MOLECULE MODEL OF THE HYDROGEN BRIDGE BOND ICE SPECI?C HEAT HYDROGEN BRIDGE BOND IN BIOLOGY PRIMARY STRUCTURES SECONDARY STRUCTURE ? HELIX ?-PLEATED SHEET TERTIARY STRUCTURE AND HIGHER LEVELS COLD NEUTRON SCATTERING DISPERSION RELATIONS FOR CRYSTALS SODIUM CRYSTAL POTASSIUM BROMIDE CRYSTAL LOCALISED VIBRATIONAL MODE DISPERSION RELATIONS FOR AMORPHOUS SUBSTANCES CRYSTALLINE SUBSTANCES AMORPHOUS SUBSTANCES THE NUCLEAR FORCE AND THE DEUTERON 101 THE NUCLEAR FORCE 1011 REPULSION AT SHORT DISTANCES 1012 ATTRACTION 102 THE DEUTERON 103 3H, 3HE, 4HE QUANTUM GASES 111 FERMI GAS 1111 FERMI ENERGY, FERMI MOMENTUM, FERMI TEM- PERATURE 1112 TRANSITION TO A DEGENERATE FERMI GAS 112 BOSONIC GAS 1121 BOSE–EINSTEIN CONDENSATION QUANTUM LIQUIDS 121 NORMAL LIQUID 3HE 122 SUPER?UID 4HE 123 SUPER?UID HELIUM DROPLETS 124 SUPER?UID 3HE METALS 131 METALLIC BOND 1311 METALLIC HYDROGEN 1312 NORMAL METALS 132 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY CONTENTS 133 COOPER PAIRS 134 DIAMAGNETISM IN SUPERCONDUCTORS 135 MACROSCOPIC QUANTUM INTERFERENCE 136 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY NUCLEI – DROPLETS OF A FERMI LIQUID 141 GLOBAL PROPERTIES – THE FERMI-GAS MODEL 142 INDIVIDUAL PROPERTIES – SHELL MODEL 143 COLLECTIVE EXCITATIONS 1431 VIBRATIONAL STATES 1432 MODEL 1433 DEFORMATION AND ROTATIONAL STATES 1434 DEFORMATION VERSUS COOPER PAIRS STARS, PLANETS, AND ASTEROIDS 151 THE SUN AND SUN-LIKE STARS 1511 EQUATION OF STATE 1512 VIRIAL THEOREM 1513 SIZE AND TEMPERATURE 1514 PROTON ENERGY 1515 ELECTRON ENERGY 1516 WHITE DWARFS 1517 BROWN DWARFS 152 ENERGY PRODUCTION IN THE SUN 1521 PROTON–PROTON CYCLE 1522 3? ?12C-PROCESS 153 STARS MORE MASSIVE THAN THE SUN 1531 NEUTRON STARS 1532 BLACK HOLES 1533 ELEMENT ABUNDANCE 154 PLANETS AND ASTEROIDS ELEMENTARY PARTICLES 161 FAMILIES OF PARTICLES 1611 W± BOSON DECAYS 1612 PARITY VIOLATION AND WEAK ISOSPIN 1613 K0–K 0, B0–B 0 OSCILLATIONS AND CP VIOLATION 1614 NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS 162 WEAK QUARK DECAYS 1621 TOP QUARK DECAY 163 Z0 AND THE PHOTON 164 HIGGS EX MACHINA 165 PROTON DECAY THE EARLY UNIVERSE 171 THE THREE PILLARS OF THE BIG BANG MODEL 1711 THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE 1712 COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION 1713 PRIMORDIAL ABUNDANCE OF THE ELEMENTS 172 SOME PROBLEMS WITH THE BIG BANG MODEL 1721 PARTICLE–ANTIPARTICLE ASYMMETRY 1722 DARK MATTER 1723 PHYSICS AT THE PLANCK SCALE PHYSICAL CONSTANTS