NONLINEAR INTERNAL WAVES IN LAKES
CONTENTS INTERNAL WAVES IN LAKES: GENERATION, TRANSFORMATION, MEROMIXIS – AN ATTEMPT AT A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 1 1 THERMOMETRY 1 2 INTERNAL OSCILLATORY RESPONSES 1 3 OBSERVATIONS OF NONLINEAR INTERNAL WAVES REFERENCES FIELD STUDIES OF NON-LINEAR INTERNAL WAVES IN LAKES ON THE GLOBE 2 1 OVERVIEW OF INTERNAL WAVE INVESTIGATIONS IN LAKES ON THE GLOBE 2 1 1 INTRODUCTION 2 1 2 EXAMPLES OF NONLINEAR INTERNAL WAVES ON RELATIVELY SMALL LAKES 2 1 3 EXAMPLES OF NONLINEAR INTERNAL WAVES IN MEDIUM- AND LARGE-SIZE LAKES 2 1 4 EXAMPLES OF NONLINEAR INTERNAL WAVES IN GREAT LAKES: LAKES MICHIGAN AND ONTARIO, BAIKAL, LADOGA AND ONEGO 2 1 5 SOME REMARKS ON THE OVERVIEW OF NONLINEAR INTERNAL WAVE INVESTIGATIONS IN LAKES 2 2 OVERVIEW OF METHODS OF FIELD OBSERVATIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL WAVES 2 2 1 TOUCH PROBING MEASURING TECHNIQUES 2 2 2 REMOTE-SENSING TECHNIQUES 2 2 3 DATA ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES OF OBSERVATIONS OF INTERNAL WAVES 2 3 LAKE ONEGO FIELD CAMPAIGNS 2004/2005: AN INVESTIGATION 2 3 1 FIELD MEASUREMENTS 2 3 2 DATA ANALYSIS 2 3 3 SUMMARY OF THE LAKE ONEGO EXPERIMENTS 2 4 COMPARISON OF FIELD OBSERVATIONS AND MODELLING OF NONLINEAR INTERNAL WAVES IN LAKE ONEGO 2 4 1 INTRODUCTION 2 4 2 DATA OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS IN LAKE ONEGO 2 4 3 MODEL 2 4 4 RESULTS OF MODELLING 2 4 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS LABORATORY MODELING ON TRANSFORMATION OF LARGE-AMPLITUDE INTERNAL WAVES BY TOPOGRAPHIC OBSTRUCTIONS 3 1 GENERATION AND PROPAGATION OF INTERNAL SOLITARY WAVES IN LABORATORY TANKS 3 1 1 INTRODUCTION 3 1 2 DISSIPATION NOT IN FOCUS 3 1 3 IN?UENCE OF DISSIPATION 3 1 4 SUMMARY 3 2 TRANSMISSION, RE?ECTION, AND FISSION OF INTERNAL WAVES BY UNDERWATER OBSTACLES 3 2 1 TRANSFORMATION AND BREAKING OF WAVES BY OBSTACLES OF DIFFERENT HEIGHT 3 2 2 IN?UENCE OF THE OBSTACLE LENGTH ON INTERNAL SOLITARY WAVES 3 3 INTERNAL WAVE TRANSFORMATION CAUSED BY LATERAL CONSTRICTIONS 3 4 LABORATORY STUDY OF THE DYNAMICS OF INTERNAL WAVES ON A SLOPE 3 4 1 RE?ECTION AND BREAKING OF INTERNAL SOLITARY WAVES FROM UNIFORM SLOPES AT DIFFERENT ANGLES 3 4 2 IN?UENCE OF SLOPE NONUNIFORMITY ON THE RE?ECTION AND BREAKING OF WAVES 3 5 CONCLUSIONS NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF THE NONHYDROSTATIC TRANSFORMATION OF BASIN-SCALE INTERNAL GRAVITY WAVES AND WAVE-ENHANCED MEROMIXIS IN LAKES 4 1 INTRODUCTION 4 1 1 PHYSICAL PROCESSES CONTROLLING THE TRANSFER OF ENERGY WITHIN AN INTERNAL WAVE FIELD FROM LARGE TO SMALL SCALES 4 2 2 MODEL EQUATIONS IN GENERALIZED VERTICAL COORDINATES 4 2 3 NUMERICAL ALGORITHM 4 3 REGIMES OF DEGENERATION OF BASIN-SCALE INTERNAL GRAVITY WAVES 4 3 1 LINEARIZED IDEAL FLUID PROBLEM 4 3 2 NONLINEAR MODELS OF INTERNAL WAVES 4 3 3 ENERGY EQUATIONS 4 3 4 CLASSI?CATION OF THE DEGENERATION REGIMES OF BASIN-SCALE INTERNAL GRAVITY WAVES IN A LAKE 4 4 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF DEGENERATION OF BASIN-SCALE INTERNAL GRAVITY WAVES 4 4 1 DEGENERATION OF BASIN-SCALE INTERNAL WAVES IN RECTANGULAR BASINS 4 4 2 MODELING OF BREAKING OF INTERNAL SOLITARY WAVES ON A SLOPE 4 4 3 DEGENERATION OF BASIN-SCALE INTERNAL WAVES IN BASINS WITH BOTTOM SLOPES 4 4 4 MODELING OF INTERACTION OF INTERNAL WAVES WITH BOTTOM OBSTACLES 4 4 5 DEGENERATION OF BASIN-SCALE INTERNAL WAVES IN BASIN WITH BOTTOM SILL 4 4 6 DEGENERATION OF BASIN-SCALE INTERNAL WAVES IN BASINS WITH A NARROW 4 4 7 DEGENERATION OF BASIN-SCALE INTERNAL WAVES IN A SMALL ELONGATED LAKE 4 5 CONCLUSIONS