INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND MATTER
3 3 PROBLEMS……………………………………………………………… 3 3 1 MAGNETIC MOMENT ASSOCIATED WITH A SURFACE CHARGED SPHERE TURNING AROUND ITS OWN AXIS…………………………………………… 3 3 2 MAGNETIC FIELD IN A CAVITY DEPOSITED IN A MAGNETIC MEDIUM…… 3 3 3 A CYLINDER CARRYING SURFACE CURRENTS………………………… 3 3 4 VIRTUAL CURRENT………………………………………………… CHAPTER 4: DIELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS……………………… 4 1 DIELECTRICS…………………………………………………………… 4 1 1 DEFINITIONS……………………………………………………… 4 1 2 ORIGINS AND TYPES OF BREAKDOWNS…………………………… 4 1 3 INSULATORS……………………………………………………… 4 1 4 ELECTRETS ………………………………………………………… 4 1 5 FERROELECTRICS………………………………………………… 4 2 MAGNETIC MATERIALS………………………………………………… 4 2 1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………… 4 2 2 DIAMAGNETISM AND LANGEVIN'S THEORY………………………… 4 2 3 PARAMAGNETISM………………………………………………… 4 2 4 FERROMAGNETISM………………………………………………… 4 2 5 ANTIFERROMAGNETISM AND FERRIMAGNETISM…………………… 4 6 PROBLEM……………………………………………………………… DIELECTRICS, ELECTRETS, MAGNETS, AND THE GAP IN SPHERICAL ARMATURES… CHAPTER 5 TIME-VARYING ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS………………………………………………… 5 1 VARIABLE SLOW RATES AND THE RATE APPROXIMATION OF QUASI-STATIC STATES (RAQSS)………………………………………………………… 5 1 1 DEFINITION……………………………………………………… 5 1 2 PROPAGATION…………………………………………………… 5 1 3 BASICS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION…………………………… 5 1 4 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT SUBJECT TO A SLOWLY VARYING RATE………………… 5 1 5 THE MAXWELL-FARADAY RELATION………………………………… 5 2 SYSTEMS UNDER FREQUENCIES ( DIV J Z G ) AND THE MAXWELL – AMPERE RELATION……………………………………………………………… 5 2 1 THE SHORTFALL OF ROT H J A JJG G G (FIRST FORM OF AMPERE'S THEOREM FOR STATIC REGIMES)……………………………………………… 5 2 2 THE MAXWELL-AMPERE RELATION……………………………… 5 2 3 PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE DISPLACEMENT CURRENTS……… 5 2 4 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………… 5 3 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS………………………………………………… 5 3 1 FORMS OF AND DI DIV E G V B G UNDER VARYING REGIMES………… 5 3 2 SUMMARY OF MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS…………………………… 5 3 3 THE MAXWELL EQUATIONS AND CONDITIONS AT THE INTERFACE OF TWO MEDIA………………………………………………………… 5 4 PROBLEM …………………………………………………………… VALUES FOR CONDUCTION AND DISPLACEMENT CURRENTS IN VARIOUS MEDIA… CHAPTER 6 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND THEIR PROPAGATION THROUGH VACUUMS………………………… 6 1 INTRODUCTION: EQUATIONS FOR WAVE PROPAGATION IN VACUUMS……… 6 1 1 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS FOR VACUUMS: U = 0 AND J = 0…… A A 6 1 2 EQUATIONS OF WAVE PROPAGATION………………………………… 6 1 3 SOLUTIONS FOR WAVE PROPAGATION EQUATIONS…………………… 6 2 DIFFERENT WAVE TYPES………………………………………………… 6 2 1 TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL WAVES…………………………… 6 2 2 PLANAR WAVES…………………………………………………… 6 2 3 SPHERICAL WAVES………………………………………………… 6 2 4 PROGRESSIVE WAVES ……………………………………………… 6 2 5 STATIONARY WAVES………………………………………………… 6 3 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF PROGRESSIVE PLANAR ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES (PPEMW) IN VACUUMS WITH U = 0 AND J A = 0…………… A 6 3 1 E G AND PERPENDICULAR TO THE PROPAGATION: TEM WAVES……… B G 6 3 2 THE RELATION BETWEEN E G AND B G ………………………………… 6 3 3 BREAKDOWN OF A PLANAR PROGRESSIVE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE (PPEMW) TO A SUPERPOSITION OF TWO PLANAR PROGRESSIVE EM WAVES POLARIZED RECTILINEARLY………………………………… 6 3 4 REPRESENTATION AND SPECTRAL BREAKDOWN OF RECTILINEARLY POLARIZED PPEMWS……………………………………………… 6 4 PROPERTIES OF MONOCHROMATIC PLANAR PROGRESSIVE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES (MPPEMW)………………………………………………… 6 4 1 THE POLARIZATION………………………………………………… 6 4 2 MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION FOR A MONOCHROMATIC PLANAR WAVE… 6 4 3 THE SPEED OF WAVE PROPAGATION AND SPATIAL PERIODICITY……… 6 5 JONES'S REPRESENTATION……………………………………………… 6 5 1 COMPLEX EXPRESSION FOR A MONOCHROMATIC PLANAR WAVE……… 6 5 2 REPRESENTATION BY WAY OF JONES'S MATRIX……………………… 6 6 PROBLEMS……………………………………………………………… 6 6 1 BREAKDOWN IN REAL NOTATION OF A RECTILINEAR WAVE INTO OPPOSING CIRCULAR WAVES……………………………………… 6 6 2 THE PARTICULAR CASE OF AN ANISOTROPIC MEDIUM AND THE EXAMPLE OF A PHASE RETARDING STRIP………………………… 6 6 3 JONES'S MATRIX BASED REPRESENTATION OF POLARIZATION…… …… CHAPTER 7 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN ABSORBENT AND DISPERSING INFINITE MATERIALS AND THE POYNTING VECTOR……………………… 7 1 PROPAGATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN AN UNLIMITED AND UNCHARGED MATERIAL FOR WHICH U = 0 AND J = 0 EXPRESSION A A FOR THE DISPERSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES………………………… 7 1 1 AIDE MEMOIR: THE MAXWELL EQUATION FOR A MATERIAL WHERE AND U A J A ……………………………………… 7 1 2 GENERAL EQUATIONS FOR PROPAGATION…………………………… 7 1 3 A MONOCHROMATIC ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE IN A LINEAR, HOMOGENEOUS AND ISOTROPIC MATERIAL……………………… 7 1 4 A CASE SPECIFIC TO MONOCHROMATIC PLANAR PROGRESSIVE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES (OR MPPEM WAVE FOR SHORT)………… 7 2 THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEDIA……………………………………… 7 2 1 NON-ABSORBING MEDIA AND INDICES…………………………… 7 2 2 ABSORBENT MEDIA, AND COMPLEX INDICES………………………… 7 3 THE ENERGY OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC PLANE WAVE AND THE POYNTING VECTOR …………………………………………………… 7 3 1 DEFINITION AND PHYSICAL SIGNIFICANCE FOR MEDIA OF ABSOLUTE PERMITTIVITY (H), MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY (µ) AND SUBJECT TO A CONDUCTION CURRENT (J )…………………………………… A 7 3 2 PROPAGATION VELOCITY OF ENERGY IN A VACUUM ………………… 7 3 3 COMPLEX NOTATION……………………………………………… 7 3 4 THE POYNTING VECTOR AND THE AVERAGE POWER FOR A MPPEM WAVE IN A NON-ABSORBENT (K AND N ARE REAL) AND NON-MAGNETIC (µR = 1, SO THAT µ = µ0) MEDIUM………………………………… 7 3 5 POYNTING VECTOR FOR A MPPEM WAVE IN AN ABSORBENT DIELECTRIC SUCH THAT µ IS REAL……………………………… 7 4 PROBLEM……………………………………………………………… POYNTING VECTOR……………………………………………………… CHAPTER 8 WAVES IN PLASMAS AND DIELECTRIC, METALLIC, AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS ……………………………………………… 8 1 2 THE VARIOUS FORCES INVOLVED IN CONVENTIONALLY STUDIED MATERIALS……………………………………………………… 8 2 INTERACTIONS OF EM WAVES WITH LINEAR, HOMOGENEOUS AND ISOTROPIC (LHI) DIELECTRIC MATERIALS: ELECTRONIC POLARIZATION, DISPERSION AND ABSORPTION…………………………………………………………… 8 2 1 THE DRUDE LORENTZ MODEL……………………………………… 8 2 2 THE FORM OF THE POLARIZATION AND THE DIELECTRIC PERMITTIVITY… 8 2 3 STUDY OF THE CURVES FE’(Z) AND FE’’(Z) FOR Z | Z0 …………… 8 2 4 STUDY OF THE CURVES OF FE’(Z) AND FE’’(Z) WHEN Z Z Z …… 8 2 5 THE (ZERO) POLE OF THE DIELECTRIC FUNCTION……………………… 8 2 6 BEHAVIOR OF A TRANSVERSE PLANE PROGRESSIVE EM WAVE WHICH HAS A PULSATION BETWEEN Z0 AND Z SUFFICIENTLY FAR FROM A Z0 SO THAT H’’ | 0……………………………………………… 8 2 7 STUDY OF AN MPPEM WAVE BOTH OUTSIDE THE ABSORPTION ZONE AND THE RANGE [Z0,Z ]………………………………………… A 8 2 8 EQUATION FOR DISPERSION N = F(O0) WHEN Z << Z0……………… 8 3 PROPAGATION OF A MPPEM WAVE IN A PLASMA (OR THE DIELECTRIC RESPONSE OF AN ELECTRONIC GAS)…………………………………… 8 3 1 PLASMA OSCILLATIONS AND PULSATIONS…………………………… 8 3 2 THE DIELECTRIC RESPONSE OF AN ELECTRONIC GAS………………… 8 4 PROPAGATION OF AN EM WAVE IN A METALLIC MATERIAL (FRICTIONAL FORCES)…………………………………………………………… 8 5 UNCHARGED MAGNETIC MEDIA………………………………………… 8 5 1 DISPERSION EQUATION IN CONDUCTING MAGNETIC MEDIA…………… 8 5 2 IMPEDANCE CHARACTERISTICS (WHEN K IS REAL)…………………… 8 6 PROBLEMS……………………………………………………………… 8 6 1 THE COMPLEX FORMS FOR POLARISATION AND DIELECTRIC PERMITTIVITY…………………………………………………… 8 6 2 A STUDY OF THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF A METAL ………………… CHAPTER 9 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD SOURCES, DIPOLAR RADIATION AND ANTENNAE………………………………………………… 9 1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………… 9 2 THE LORENTZ GAUGE AND RETARDED POTENTIALS ……………………… 9 2 1 LORENTZ'S GAUGE………………………………………………… 9 2 2 EQUATION FOR THE PROPAGATION OF POTENTIALS, AND RETARDED POTENTIALS ……………………………………………………… 9 3 DIPOLE FIELD AT A GREAT DISTANCE …………………………… ……… 9 3 1 EXPRESSION FOR THE POTENTIAL VECTOR A G ………………………… 9 3 2 EXPRESSION FOR THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD IN THE RADIATION ZONE 9 3 3 POWER RADIATED BY A DIPOLE……………………………………… 9 4 ANTENNAS…………………………………………………………… 9 4 1 PRINCIPLE: A SHORT ANTENNA WHERE A << O……………………… 9 4 2 GENERAL REMARKS ON VARIOUS ANTENNAE: HALF-WAVE AND 'WHIP' ANTENNAE ………………………………………………………… 9 5 PROBLEM ……………………… ……………………………………… RADIATION FROM A HALF-WAVE ANTENNA… ……………………………… CHAPTER 10 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MATERIALS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES, AND DIFFUSION AND ABSORPTION PROCESSES……… 10 1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………… 10 2 DIFFUSION MECHANISMS …………………………………………… 10 2 1 RAYLEIGH DIFFUSION: RADIATION DIFFUSED BY CHARGED PARTICLES … 10 2 2 RADIATION DUE TO RUTHERFORD DIFFUSION……………………… 10 3 RADIATION PRODUCED BY ACCELERATING CHARGES: SYNCHROTRON RADIATION AND BREMSSTRAHLUNG……………………………………… 10 3 1 SYNCHROTRON RADIATION……………………… ………………… 10 3 2 BREMSSTRAHLUNG: ELECTROMAGNETIC STOPPING RADIATION……… 10 4 PROCESS OF ABSORPTION OR EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION BY ATOMS OR MOLECULES (TO APPROACH AS PART OF A SECOND READING) … 10 4 1 THE PROBLEM…………………………………………………… 10 4 2 FORM OF THE INTERACTION HAMILTONIAN………………………… 10 4 3 TRANSITION RULES……………………………………………… 10 5 CONCLUSION: INTRODUCTION TO ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 10 5 1 RESULT CONCERNING THE DIPOLE APPROXIMATION………………… 10 5 2 DIFFERENT TRANSITIONS POSSIBLE IN AN ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM………………………………………………………… 10 5 3 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………… 10 6 PROBLEMS…………………………………………………………… 10 5 1 PROBLEM 1 DIFFUSION DUE TO BOUND ELECTRONS………………… 10 5 2 PROBLEM 2 DEMONSTRATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MATRIX ELEMENTS………………………………………………………… CHAPTER 11 REFLECTION AND REFRACTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN ABSORBENT MATERIALS OF FINITE DIMENSIONS……………… 11 1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………… 11 2 LAW OF REFLECTION AND REFRACTION………………………………… 11 2 2 CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR FREQUENCY ………………………… 11 2 3 FORM OF THE WAVE VECTORS WITH RESPECT TO THE SYMMETRY OF THE MEDIA………………………………………………………… 11 2 4 SYMMETRY AND LINEAR PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA …… ………… 11 2 5 SNELL-DESCARTES LAW ………………………………………… 11 2 6 EQUATION FOR THE ELECTRIC FIELD IN MEDIUM (1): THE LAW OF REFLECTION……………………………………………………… 11 2 7 THE SNELL-DESCARTES LAW FOR REFLECTION A SYSTEM WHERE MEDIUM (2) CAN BE ABSORBENT: N2 AND K2 ARE COMPLEX ……………… 11 3 1 HYPOTHESIS AND AIM OF THE STUDY…………………………… 11 3 2 FRESNEL EQUATIONS FOR PERPENDICULAR POLARIZATIONS (TE)…… 11 3 3 FRESNEL'S EQUATIONS FOR PARALLEL MAGNETIC FIELD POLARIZATIONS 11 3 4 REFLECTION COEFFICIENTS AND ENERGY TRANSMISSION …………… 11 3 5 TOTAL AND FRUSTRATED TOTAL REFLECTION………………………… 11 4 REFLECTION AND ABSORPTION BY AN ABSORBING MEDIUM …………… 11 4 1 REFLECTION COEFFICIENT FOR A WAVE AT A NORMAL INCIDENCE TO AN INTERFACE BETWEEN A NON-ABSORBENT MEDIUM (1) (INDEX OF N1) AND AN ABSORBENT MEDIUM (2) (INDEX OF N )…………… …… 11 4 2 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF A METAL: REFLECTION AND ABSORPTION AT LOW AND HIGH FREQUENCIES BY A CONDUCTOR…………………… 11 5 1 THE ANTI-ECHO CONDITION: REFLECTION FROM A NON-CONDUCTING MAGNETIC LAYER……………… 11 5 2 THE DALLENBACH LAYER: AN ANTI-RADAR STRUCTURE……………… 11 6 PROBLEMS…………………………………………………………… 11 6 1 REFLECTION AND ABSORPTION AT LOW AND HIGH FREQUENCIES BY A CONDUCTOR……………………………………………………… CHAPTER 12 TOTAL REFLECTION AND GUIDED PROPAGATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN MATERIALS OF FINITE DIMENSIONS…………………………………………… 12 1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………… 12 2 A COAXIAL LINE……………………………………………………… 12 2 1 FORM OF TRANSVERSE EM WAVES IN A COAXIAL CABLE…………… 12 2 2 FORM OF THE POTENTIAL, THE INTENSITY, AND THE CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE OF THE CABLE……… ………………………………… 12 2 3 ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSPORTED BY AN EM WAVE………… …… 12 2 4 CONDUCTOR WITH AN IMPERFECT CORE ………………………… 12 3 PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE NORMAL REFLECTION………………… …… 12 3 1 PROPERTIES OF A PERFECT CONDUCTOR…………………………… 12 3 2 EQUATION FOR THE STATIONARY WAVE FOLLOWING REFLECTION……… 12 3 3 STUDY OF THE FORM OF THE SURFACE CHARGE DENSITIES AND THE CURRENT AT THE METAL…………………………………………… 12 4 STUDY OF PROPAGATION GUIDED BETWEEN TWO PLANE CONDUCTORS…… 12 4 1 WAVE FORM AND EQUATION FOR PROPAGATION ………………… 12 4 2 STUDY OF TRANSVERSE EM WAVES ……………………………… 12 4 3 STUDY OF TRANSVERSE ELECTRIC WAVES (TE WAVES)……………… 12 4 4 GENERALIZATION OF THE STUDY OF TE WAVE PROPAGATION………… 12 5 OPTICAL GUIDING: GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND HOW FIBERS WORK……… 12 5 1 PRINCIPLE……………………………………………………… 12 5 2 GUIDING CONDITIONS…………………………………………… 12 5 3 INCREASING THE SIGNALS………………………………………… 12 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A SYMMETRICAL MONOMODAL GUIDE……………………………………………………………… 12 6 1 GENERAL FORM OF THE SOLUTIONS……………………………… 12 6 2 SOLUTIONS FOR ZONE (2) WITH AN INDEX DENOTED BY N…………… 12 6 3 SOLUTIONS FOR THE ZONES (1) AND (3)…………………………… 12 6 4 EQUATIONS FOR THE MAGNETIC FIELD…………………………… 12 6 5 USE OF THE LIMITING CONDITIONS: DETERMINATION OF CONSTANTS… 12 6 6 MODAL EQUATION……………………………………………… 12 6 7 COMMENTS: ALTERNATIVE METHODOLOGIES ……………………… 12 6 8 FIELD DISTRIBUTION AND SOLUTION PARITY……………………… 12 6 9 GUIDE CHARACTERISTICS………………………………………… 12 7 PROBLEM……………………………………………………………… MONOMODAL CONDITIONS