FUNDAMENTALS OF POLARIMETRIC REMOTE SENSING
IX CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 SCOPE 1 2 PERSPECTIVE ON THE FIELD 1 3 STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK REFERENCES 2 REVIEW OF RADIOMETRY 2 1 RADIOMETRIC TERMS 2 1 1 DEFINITION OF TERMS 2 1 2 BLACKBODY RADIATORS 3 THE WAVE NATURE OF EM ENERGY AND AN INTRODUCTION OF THE POLARIZATION ELLIPSE 3 1 WAVE NATURE OF EM ENERGY 3 2 THE POLARIZATION ELLIPSE 3 3 SPECIAL (DEGENERATE) FORMS OF THE POLARIZATION ELLIPSE 3 3 1 LINEAR POLARIZATION 3 3 2 UNROTATED ELLIPSE 4 REPRESENTATION OF THE POLARIMETRIC STATE OF A BEAM 4 1 THE STOKES PARAMETERS 4 2 STOKES VECTOR REPRESENTATION 4 3 METHODS TO CHARACTERIZE AND INTERPRET STOKES VECTORS 4 4 PARAMETERS OF THE POLARIZATION ELLIPSE AND THE POINCARÉ SPHERE 5 POLARIMETRIC INTERACTIONS: REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION 5 1 FRESNEL SPECULAR REFLECTION 5 2 POLARIZED TRANSMISSION AND POLARIZING MATERIALS 5 3 THE MUELLER MATRIX: POLARIMETRIC ENERGY-MATTER INTERACTIONS 6 POLARIMETRIC BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS (PBRDF) 6 1 BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS 6 1 1 WAYS TO CHARACTERIZE REFLECTANCE 6 2 POLARIMETRIC BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS (PBRDF) 6 2 1 SPECULAR REFLECTORS 6 2 2 OPTICAL SCATTER FROM SURFACES 6 3 REFLECTANCE VARIABILITY OR TEXTURE 6 4 BRDF MEASUREMENT 6 4 1 CONVENTIONAL LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS 6 4 2 CAMERA-BASED MEASUREMENTS 6 4 3 FIELD MEASUREMENTS 6 4 3 1 OVERHEAD BRDF MEASUREMENT 6 4 4 POLARIMETRIC BRDF MEASUREMENT 6 5 BRDF MODELS 6 5 1 TORRANCE-SPARROW MODEL 6 5 2 MAXWELL-BEARD MODEL 6 5 3 POLARIMETRIC BRDF MODELS 6 5 3 1 TARGET MATERIAL PBRDF MODELS 6 5 3 2 BACKGROUND MATERIAL PBRDF MODELS 6 6 SUMMARY OF PBRDF CONCEPTS 7 POLARIZED FORM OF THE GOVERNING EQUATION INCLUDING ATMOSPHERIC SCATTERING TERMS 7 1 GOVERNING POLARIZED RADIANCE EQUATION 7 1 1 SCALAR REPRESENTATION OF THE GOVERNING EQUATION 7 1 2 GOVERNING EQUATION—STOKES REPRESENTATION 7 2 ATMOSPHERIC SCATTERING AND THE POLARIZED STATE OF THE TERMS IN THE GOVERNING EQUATION 7 2 1 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE POLARIZED STATE OF THE INCIDENT RADIATIVE FIELD 7 2 1 1 RAYLEIGH SCATTER 7 2 1 2 AEROSOL AND NONSELECTIVE SCATTER 7 2 2 ESTIMATION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC TERMS IN THE POLARIZED GOVERNING EQUATION 7 2 2 1 USE OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER CODES TO ESTIMATE POLARIMETRIC ATMOSPHERIC TERMS 7 2 2 2 VISUALIZATION OF SKY POLARIZATION AND VALIDATION OF THE DIRSIG IMPLEMENTATION OF MODTRAN-P 7 3 PREDICTING THE POLARIMETRIC RADIANCE AT THE SENSOR COLOR PLATE SECTION 8 SENSORS FOR MEASURING THE POLARIZED STATE OF A BEAM 8 1 SENSING OF POLARIZATION CONTRAST 8 2 GENERALIZED STOKES VECTOR POLARIMETERS 8 3 POLARIMETRIC IMAGING SENSORS 8 4 ISSUES RELATED TO POLARIMETRIC IMAGING SENSORS 9 PROCESSING AND DISPLAY ALGORITHMS 9 1 DISPLAY OF POLARIMETRIC IMAGES 9 2 DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS 10 MEASUREMENTS AND MODELING OF THE PBRDF OF MATERIALS 10 1 POLARIMETRIC BRDF MEASUREMENT APPROACH 10 1 1 MEASUREMENT APPROACH 10 1 2 BRDF PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION (BRVF) CALCULATION 10 1 3 IMAGING SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND CHARACTERIZATION 10 1 4 EXAMPLE MEASUREMENT RESULTS 10 2 INCORPORATION OF PBRDF MODELS IN SYNTHETIC SCENE GENERATION MODELS 10 2 1 INTRODUCTION TO DIRSIG 10 2 2 SURFACE RADIOMETRY SOLVERS 10 2 3 SUPPORTED POLARIMETRIC BRDF MODELS 10 2 3 1 GENERALIZED MICROFACET-BASED TARGET MODEL 10 2 3 2 POLARIZED ROUJEAN BACKGROUND MODEL 10 2 3 3 PRIEST-GERMER BRDF 10 2 3 4 TORRANCE-SPARROW BRDF 10 2 3 5 STOKES VECTOR ORIENTATION CONSIDERATIONS 10 3 END-TO-END PASSIVE POLARIMETRIC SCENE SIMULATION 10 3 1 POLARIZED ATMOSPHERE 10 3 2 POLARIZED MANMADE SOURCES 10 3 3 SURFACE LEAVING RADIANCE 10 3 4 PLATFORM AND SENSOR MODELING 10 3 5 SIMULATION EXAMPLES 11 LONGWAVE INFRARED PBRDF PRINCIPLES 11 1 BACKGROUND ON POLARIMETRIC REMOTE SENSING IN THE THERMAL INFRARED 11 2 APPLICATIONS OF POLARIMETRIC INFRARED IMAGING 11 3 POLARIZED BRDF AND EMISSIVITY MODEL 11 3 1 POLARIZED SPECULAR REFLECTION COMPONENT OF THE PBRDF MODEL 11 3 2 UNPOLARIZED REFLECTION COMPONENT 11 4 POLARIZED EMISSIVITY 12 LWIR PBRDF MEASUREMENTS AND MODELING 12 1 MEASUREMENT OF POLARIZED EMISSIVITY AND PBRDF ESTIMATION 12 1 1 MEASUREMENT APPROACH 12 1 2 IMAGE DATA COLLECTION 12 1 3 EMISSIVITY MODEL PARAMETER FITTING 12 2 THERMAL INFRARED POLARIMETRIC SCENE SIMULATION 12 3 CLOSING THOUGHTS