PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS
CONTENTS PART I ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION PROPERTIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS NUCLEAR FORCES ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE WAVE AND PARTICLE DESCRIPTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION PHOTON DESCRIPTION MAXWELL EQUATIONS MAXWELL EQUATIONS IN VACUUM CONTINUITY EQUATION INTEGRAL DESCRIPTION OF MAXWELL EQUATIONS ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES DERIVATION OF WAVE EQUATIONS FUNDAMENTALS ON WAVES ORTHOGONALITY OF THE VECTOR FIELDS SCALAR AND VECTOR POTENTIAL ENERGY DENSITY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE ELECTROSTATIC APPROACH GENERALIZATION TO ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS PLANAR ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES PHASE AND GROUP VELOCITY LASER RADIATION SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PROPERTIES COHERENCE SPECTRAL MODULATION REFERENCES CONTENTS GENERATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS TRANSITIONS SPONTANEOUS EMISSION ACCELERATION OF A FREE CHARGE GENERAL ASPECTS ON THE RETARDATION GENERAL SOLUTION OF A RETARDED WAVE EQUATION MAXWELL EQUATIONS FOR A MOVING CHARGE EMISSION OF ACCELERATED CHARGES COLLINEAR VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION VECTORS ACCELERATION PERPENDICULAR TO THE VELOCITY PERIODIC OSCILLATION OF A CHARGED PARTICLE BLACK-BODY RADIATION ONE-DIMENSIONAL HOLLOW BLACK BODY THREE-DIMENSIONAL HOLLOW BLACK BODY HIGH- AND LOW PHOTON ENERGY LIMITS THE STEFAN–BOLTZMANN LAW WIEN’S DISPLACEMENT LAW EMITTED RADIATION POWER REAL THERMAL EMITTER LASER-GENERATED X-RAYS CONCLUDING REMARKS PART II INTERACTION OF PARTICLES WITH ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ELASTIC SCATTERING AT CHARGED PARTICLES FREE ELECTRON RADIATION FORCE EXTERNAL FIELD DIPOLE MOMENT AND DIFFERENTIAL POWER PER SOLID ANGLE BOUNDED ELECTRON EQUATION OF MOTION OF A WEAKLY-BOUNDED ELECTRON CROSS-SECTION POLARIZATION OF SCATTERED RADIATION PHOTO-EXCITATION OF ATOMS LINEAR SCATTERING NON-LINEAR SCATTERING INELASTIC SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION FREE CARRIER ABSORPTION—INVERSE BREMSSTRAHLUNG RAMAN SCATTERING PHOTO-IONIZATION OR PHOTO-EFFECT PONDEROMOTIVE ENERGY AND FORCE NON-LINEAR PHOTO-IONIZATION TUNNEL IONIZATION MULTI-PHOTON IONIZATION KELDYSH PARAMETER FOR ATOMS ABOVE-THRESHOLD MULTI-PHOTON IONIZATION COMPTON SCATTERING PAIR PRODUCTION SCATTERING BY MANY CHARGES ATTENUATION COEF?CIENT COHERENT SCATTERING PART III INTERACTION WITH CONDENSED MATTER WITHOUT ABSORPTION SCATTERING IN MATTER REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE INTERACTION MAXWELL EQUATIONS IN MATTER LORENTZ MODEL REFRACTIVE INDEX MANY DIFFERENT SCATTERERS WAVE EQUATION IN MATTER STRAIGHT PROPAGATION IN CONDENSED MATTER SPEED OF LIGHT IN MEDIA LINEAR OPTICS STEADINESS OF FIELDS S-POLARIZED RADIATION P-POLARIZED RADIATION BOUNDARY CONDITIONS WITH COMPLEX REFRACTIVE INDEX FRESNEL EQUATIONS FOR TRANSPARENT DIELECTRICS RE?ECTANCE AND TRANSMITTANCE NEARLY PERPENDICULAR IRRADIATION BREWSTER ANGLE CRITICAL ANGLE FOR TOTAL RE?ECTION INTERNAL RE?ECTION AND EVANESCENT WAVES NON-LINEAR OPTICS PRINCIPAL EQUATIONS OF NON-LINEAR OPTICS NON-LINEAR REPULSIVE FORCES SECOND-ORDER PROCESSES EQUATION OF MOTION WITH NON-CENTROSYMMETRIC MEDIA NON-LINEAR POLARIZATION DENSITY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION FOR THE SECOND HARMONIC FIELD SECOND HARMONIC GENERATION THREE-WAVE MIXING PARAMETRIC AMPLI?CATION THIRD-ORDER PROCESSES EQUATION OF MOTION WITH CENTROSYMMETRIC MEDIA FOUR-WAVE MIXING THIRD-HARMONIC GENERATION KERR EFFECT SELF-FOCUSING CATASTROPHIC SELF-FOCUSING SELF-PHASE MODULATION PART IV INTERACTION WITH ABSORPTION ELECTRON GAS IN CONDENSED MATTER PERIODIC POTENTIALS ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES AT ZERO TEMPERATURE QUANTIZED WAVE NUMBER AND ENERGY DENSITY OF STATES FERMI–DIRAC DISTRIBUTION AT T = 0 K ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES AT HIGHER TEMPERATURES FERMI–DIRAC DISTRIBUTION AT HIGHER TEMPERATURES HIGH ELECTRON DENSITY: METALS LOW ELECTRON DENSITY: SEMICONDUCTORS OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF AN ELECTRON GAS GENERAL ASPECTS—LAMBERT–BEER’S LAW ELECTRON GAS FREE ELECTRON GAS QUASI-FREE ELECTRON GAS BAND THEORY OF CRYSTALS ELECTRONIC BAND FORMATION VALENCE AND CONDUCTION BANDS CRYSTALS AT ABSOLUTE ZERO TEMPERATURE CRYSTALS AT HIGHER TEMPERATURES ELECTRONS AND HOLES IN SEMICONDUCTORS ELECTRONS IN THE CONDUCTION BAND OF METALS BAND STRUCTURE AND DISPERSION RELATION IN CRYSTALS NON-CRYSTALLINE MATTER LINEAR ABSORPTION ABSORPTION IN CONDENSED MATTER INTERBAND EXCITATION REDUCED BAND STRUCTURE PLOT DIELECTRICS AND SEMICONDUCTORS TRANSITION METALS INTRABAND EXCITATION NON-CRYSTALLINE MATTER—DISORDERED MATTER EXCITED STATE TRANSITIONS RECOMBINATION AND META-STABLE STATES EXCITED TRANSITION METALS OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS NON-EXCITED METALS EXCITED DIELECTRICS NON-LINEAR ABSORPTION EXCITATION PATHWAYS ELECTRON RATE EQUATION NON-LINEAR PHOTO-EXCITATION KELDYSH PARAMETER FOR CRYSTALS TUNNEL EXCITATION MULTI-PHOTON EXCITATION TWO-PHOTON ABSORPTION THREE-PHOTON ABSORPTION IMPACT IONIZATION CHANNELING AND FILAMENTATION CHANNELING FILAMENTATION HEATING PROCESS STEPS OF HEATING TWO-TEMPERATURE MODEL DERIVATION OF THE HEAT EQUATION HEATING OF METALS THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELECTRON SYSTEM HEAT CAPACITY OF THE ELECTRON SYSTEM THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF THE ELECTRON SYSTEM ELECTRON-PHONON COUPLING PARAMETER THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF THE PHONON SYSTEM HEAT CAPACITY OF THE PHONON SYSTEM THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF THE PHONON SYSTEM NUMERICAL APPROACH EXAMPLES FOR LASER-HEATED METALS NANOSECOND LASER RADIATION FEMTOSECOND LASER RADIATION PHASE TRANSITIONS LASER-INDUCED PHASE CHANGES SLOW HEAT TRANSFER FAST HEAT TRANSFER HEATING WITH PHASE TRANSITIONS—MODELING THERMO-PHYSICAL EQUATIONS PART V SELECTED APPLICATIONS IN METROLOGY RE?ECTOMETRY MEASUREMENT METHODS PUMP AND PROBE METROLOGY TIME-RESOLVED RE?ECTOMETRY PRINCIPLE AND SET-UP EXAMPLES ELLIPSOMETRY FUNDAMENTALS ON POLARIZATION STATES PRINCIPLES OF ELLIPSOMETRY EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH RE?ECTION AT ONE INTERFACE RE?ECTION AT MANY INTERFACES FOR THIN LAYERS LAYER- AND DISPERSION-MODELS IMAGING ELLIPSOMETRY PRINCIPLE SET-UP SPATIAL-RESOLVED MEASUREMENT SPACE- AND TIME-RESOLVED ELLIPSOMETRY NOMARSKI MICROSCOPY PRINCIPLE OF NOMARSKI MICROSCOPY TIME-RESOLVED NOMARSKI MICROSCOPY REFERENCE WHITE-LIGHT INTERFEROMETRY PRINCIPLE OF MACH-ZEHNDER INTERFEROMETRY PUMP-PROBE WHITE-LIGHT INTERFEROMETRY SUPER-CONTINUUM SOURCE INTERFEROGRAM ANALYSIS CONCLUSION