ATMOSPHERIC ULTRAVIOLET REMOTE SENSING
1 The Earth’s Energy Budget and Climate Change 1 11 Introduction 1 12 Radiative Heating of the Atmosphere 2 13 Global Energy Budget 3 14 TheWindow-Gray Approximation and the Greenhouse Effect 6 15 Climate Sensitivity and Climate Feedbacks 8 16 Radiative Time Constant 12 17 Composition of the Earth’s Atmosphere 14 18 Radiation and the Earth’s Mean Temperature Profile 19 19 The Spatial Distribution of Radiative Heating and Circulation 32 110 Summary and Outlook 35 References 39 2 Radiation and Its Sources 41 21 Light as an ElectromagneticWave 41 22 Radiation from an Oscillating Dipole, Radiance, and Radiative Flux 42 23 Radiometry 47 24 Blackbody Radiation: Light as a Photon 50 25 Incident Sunlight 57 References 63 3 Transfer of Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere 65 31 Cross Sections 65 32 Scattering Cross Section and Scattering Phase Function 68 33 Elementary Principles of Light Scattering 71 34 Equation of Radiative Transfer 77 35 Radiative Transfer Equations for Solar and Terrestrial Radiation 80 References 82 4 Solutions to the Equation of Radiative Transfer 85 41 Introduction 85 42 Formal Solution to the Equation of Radiative Transfer 86 43 Solution for Thermal Emission 88 44 Infrared Fluxes and Heating Rates 93 45 Formal Solution for Scattering and Absorption 102 46 Single Scattering Approximation 103 47 Fourier Decomposition of the Radiative Transfer Equation 110 48 The Legendre Series Representation and the Eddington Approximation 112 49 Adding Layers in the Eddington Approximation 121 410 Adding a Surface with a Nonzero Albedo in the Eddington Approximation 123 411 Clouds in theThermal Infrared 124 412 Optional Separation of Direct and Diffuse Radiances 126 413 Optional Separating the Diffusely Scattered Light from the Direct Beam in the Eddington and Two-Stream Approximations 127 414 Optional The ??-Eddington Approximation 130 415 Optional The Discrete OrdinateMethod and DISORT 135 416 Optional Adding-Doubling Method 138 417 Optional Monte Carlo Simulations 140 References 146 5 Treatment of Molecular Absorption in the Atmosphere 149 51 Spectrally Averaged Transmissions 149 52 Molecular Absorption Spectra 151 53 Positions and Strengths of Absorption Lines within Vibration-Rotation Bands 155 54 Shapes of Absorption Lines 159 55 Doppler Broadening and the Voigt Line Shape 162 56 Average Absorptivity for a Single,Weak Absorption Line 163 57 Average Absorptivity for a Single, Strong, Pressure-Broadened Absorption Line 164 58 Treatment of Inhomogeneous Atmospheric Paths 166 59 Average Transmissivities for Bands of Nonoverlapping Absorption Lines 169 510 Approximate Treatments of Average Transmissivities for Overlapping Lines 171 511 Exponential Sum-Fit and Correlated k-Distribution Methods 177 512 Treatment of Overlapping Molecular Absorption Bands 182 References 184 6 Absorption of Solar Radiation by the Earth’s Atmosphere and Surface 185 61 Introduction 185 62 Absorption of UV and Visible Sunlight by Ozone 186 63 Absorption of Sunlight byWater Vapor 191 References 201 7 Simplified Estimates of Emission 203 71 Introduction 203 72 Emission in the 15 ?mBand of CO2 203 73 Change in Emitted Flux due to Doubling of CO2 209 74 Changes in Stratospheric Emission and Temperature Caused by a Doubling of CO2 213 75 Afterthoughts 215 References 217