AERONOMY - PART A
CONTENTS THE SUN AND THE SOLAR WIND GENERAL POINTS CONCERNING THE SUN THE SOLAR ATMOSPHERE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION FROM THE SUN PLANCK’S RADIATION LAW THE GREENHOUSE E?ECT RADIOWAVE EMISSIONS FROM THE SUN SUNSPOTS AND THE SOLAR CYCLE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION FROM A DISTURBED SUN PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM THE SUN 1 10 FLUID ?OW IN A NOZZLE 1 11 THE SOLAR WIND EQUATION 1 12 THE ‘‘FROZEN-IN’’ ?ELD CONCEPT 1 13 THE GARDEN HOSE E?ECT 1 14 EXERCISES THE ATMOSPHERE OF THE EARTH NOMENCLATURE TEMPERATURE STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE ATMOSPHERIC DRAG ON SATELLITES THE ATMOSPHERE AS AN IDEAL GAS THE EXOSPHERE HEIGHT-DEPENDENT TEMPERATURE THE ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE DI?USION THE EQUATION OF MOTION OF THE NEUTRAL GAS 2 10 GEOSTROPHIC AND THERMAL WINDS 2 11 THE WIND SYSTEMS OF THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE 2 12 OBSERVATIONS OF THE NEUTRAL WIND 2 13 COLLISIONS BETWEEN PARTICLES 2 14 COLLISIONS IN GASES WITH DI?ERENT TEMPERATURES 2 15 DRAG E?ECTS 2 16 THERMOSPHERIC NEUTRAL WINDS 2 17 E-REGION WINDS 2 18 OBSERVATIONS OF E-REGION NEUTRAL WINDS 2 19 VERTICAL MOTION 2 20 EXERCISES THE EARTH’S MAGNETIC ?ELD AND MAGNETOSPHERE AN HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION DESCRIPTION OF THE EARTH’S MAGNETIC ?ELD MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE EARTH’S MAGNETIC SYSTEM SECULAR VARIATIONS IN THE EARTH’S MAGNETIC ?ELD TRACING MAGNETIC ?ELD LINES E-?ELD MAPPING ALONG CONDUCTING MAGNETIC ?ELD LINES THE SOURCE OF THE MAGNETIC ?ELD OF THE EARTH THE UNIPOLAR INDUCTOR THE MAGNETIC ?ELD AWAY FROM THE EARTH 3 10 THE MAGNETIC TAIL 3 11 MAGNETIC ?ELD MERGING 3 12 E?ECTS OF THE MAGNETIC FORCE 3 13 ENERGY ?UX INTO THE MAGNETOSPHERE 3 14 SOME ASPECTS OF THE ENERGY BALANCE 3 15 MAGNETIC ?ELD CONVECTION 3 16 HIGH-LATITUDE CONVECTION PATTERNS AND ?ELD-ALIGNED CURRENTS 3 17 EXERCISES THE IONOSPHERE THE PRODUCTION OF IONIZATION BY SOLAR RADIATION THE IONIZATION PRO?LE OF THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE IONIZATION PRO?LES THE RECOMBINATION PROCESS THE O+ DOMINANT IONOSPHERE AMBIPOLAR DI?USION MULTICOMPONENT TOPSIDE IONOSPHERE DI?USION IN THE PRESENCE OF A MAGNETIC ?ELD E-LAYER IONIZATION AND RECOMBINATION 4 10 TIME CONSTANT OF THE RECOMBINATION PROCESS 4 11 D-REGION IONIZATION AND RECOMBINATION 4 12 THE PLASMASPHERE 4 13 FERRARO’S THEOREM AND A UNIPOLAR INDUCTOR 4 14 MAGNETOSPHERIC CONVECTION CLOSE TO THE EARTH 4 15 THE EQUATORIAL FOUNTAIN E?ECT 4 16 EXERCISES CURRENTS IN THE IONOSPHERE THE STEADY-STATE APPROACH DEPENDENCE OF ION VELOCITY DIRECTION ON ALTITUDE CURRENT DENSITY IN THE IONOSPHERE HEIGHT-DEPENDENT CURRENTS AND HEATING RATES HEATING DUE TO COLLISIONS HEATING OF AN OSCILLATING ELECTRIC ?ELD CURRENTS DUE TO GRAVITY AND DI?USION EXERCISES MAGNETIC ?UCTUATIONS IN RESPONSE TO HEIGHT-INTEGRATED CURRENTS HEIGHT-INTEGRATED CURRENTS AND CONDUCTANCE MAGNETIC ?ELD ?UCTUATIONS FROM AURORAL CURRENTS EQUIVALENT CURRENT SYSTEMS EQUIVALENT CURRENTS AT DI?ERENT LATITUDES THE SQ CURRENT SYSTEM MAPPING OF E-?ELDS IN THE IONOSPHERE POLARIZATION ?ELDS AROUND AN AURORAL ARC CURRENTS RELATED TO AN AURORAL ARC THE AURORA THE HEIGHT OF THE AURORA THE OCCURRENCE FREQUENCY OF THE AURORA GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE AURORA THE AURORAL APPEARANCE AURORAL PARTICLES PRECIPITATION PATTERNS OF AURORAL PARTICLES ENERGY DEPOSITION PRO?LES OF AURORAL PARTICLES DERIVING ENERGY SPECTRA FROM ELECTRON DENSITY PRO?LES 7 10 EXCITATION PROCESSES IN THE AURORA 7 11 THE QUENCHING PROCESS 7 12 THE PROTON AURORA 7 13 EXERCISES REFERENCES