RADIOISOTOPE AND RADIATION PHYSICS: AN INTRODUCTION
1 Introduction 1 2 Units of Radiation Protection 4 21 Supplementary Information 14 22 Problems 18 3 Basic Nuclear Physics 19 31 Supplementary Information 28 32 Problems 30 4 Interaction of Ionizing Radiation with Matter 31 41 Detection of Charged Particles 31 42 Detection of Neutrons 39 43 Detection of Photons 41 44 Supplementary Information 46 45 Problems 56 5 Detectors for Radiation Protection 57 51 Ionization Chamber 57 52 Proportional Counters and Geiger–Müller Counters 59 53 Scintillation Counters 62 54 Semiconductor Counters 66 55 Neutron Dosimeters 70 56 Personal Dosimeters 71 57 Measurement of Incorporations and Contaminations 80 58 Supplementary Information 82 59 Problems 89 6 International Safety Standards for Radiation Protection 90 61 European Directive 91 62 American Directive 93 63 Other Countries 98 631 Australia 98 632 Brazil 99 633 Canada 100 634 China 101 635 India 101 636 Japan 102 637 Mexico 103 638 Russia 104 639 South Africa 105 64 Supplementary Information 106 65 Problems 109 7 Organization of Radiation Protection 110 71 Supplementary Information 116 72 Problems 117 8 Practical Safety Measures 119 81 Licensing 120 82 Design Approval 122 83 Arrangements for Fire Fighting 123 84 Arrangements for Mitigating the Consequences of Severe or Design-Basis Accidents 124 85 Instruction and Training 124 86 Protection of Air,Water, and Soil 125 87 Special Reasons for Radiation Exposure 126 88 Handling of Unsealed Radioactive Sources 126 89 Medical Supervision 128 810 Storage and Security of Radioactive Substances 129 811 Bookkeeping 129 812 Waste Treatment and Storage of Radioactive Waste 130 813 Packaging and Transport 133 814 Supplementary Information 137 815 Problems 141 9 Radiation Sources 143 91 Particle Radiation 143 92 Photon Sources 146 93 Neutron Sources 148 94 Cosmic-Ray Sources 149 95 Supplementary Information 151 96 Problems 158 10 X Rays and X-Ray Regulations 160 101 Supplementary Information 163 102 Problems 168 11 Environmental Radioactivity 169 111 Cosmic Rays 169 112 Terrestrial Radiation 172 113 Incorporation of Radioisotopes 173 114 Radiation Exposure by Technical Installations 176 115 Supplementary Information 185 116 Problems 189 12 Nuclear Power Plants 190 121 Nuclear-Fission Reactors 191 122 Fusion Reactors 198 1221 Inertial Fusion 200 1222 Fusion by Magnetic Containment 203 123 Supplementary Information 206 124 Problems 210 13 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation 212 131 Supplementary Information 219 132 Problems 227 14 Radiation Accidents 229 141 Supplementary Information 235 142 Problems 237 15 Non-Ionizing Radiation 238 151 Supplementary Information 241 152 Problems 246 16 Solutions to the Problems 247 161 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 2 247 162 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 3 249 163 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 4 251 164 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 5 253 165 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 6 254 166 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 7 256 167 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 8 257 168 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 9 258 169 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 10 260 1610 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 11 261 1611 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 12 262 1612 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 13 263 1613 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 14 266 1614 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 15 268 Formulary 270 17 Written Test on Radiation Protection 272 171 Problems 272 172 Solutions for the Written Test 278 18 Radiation-Protection Glossary 279