PLASMA ASTROPHYSICS
CONTENTS MAGNETIC RECONNECTION WHAT IS MAGNETIC RECONNECTION? NEUTRAL POINTS OF A MAGNETIC FIELD RECONNECTION IN VACUUM RECONNECTION IN PLASMA THREE STAGES IN THE RECONNECTION PROCESS ACCELERATION IN CURRENT LAYER, WHY AND HOW? SIMPLI?ED CONSIDERATION THE ORIGIN OF PARTICLE ACCELERATION ACCELERATION IN A NEUTRAL CURRENT LAYER PRACTICE: EXERCISES AND ANSWERS RECONNECTION IN A STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD SMALL PERTURBATIONS NEAR A NEUTRAL LINE HISTORICAL COMMENTS BASIC EQUATION OF THE 2D IDEAL MHD THE STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD APPROXIMATION FORMATION OF A CURRENT LAYER CLASSICAL FORMULATION OF A PROBLEM A LINEARIZED PROBLEM FOR SMALL PERTURBATIONS CONVERGING WAVES AND THE CUMULATIVE EFFECT LARGE PERTURBATIONS NEAR A NEUTRAL LINE MAGNETIC FIELD LINE DEFORMATIONS PLASMA DENSITY VARIATIONS DYNAMIC DISSIPATION OF MAGNETIC FIELD CONDITIONS OF APPEARANCE THE PHYSICAL MEANING OF DYNAMIC DISSIPATION NONSTATIONARY ANALYTICAL MODELS OF RCL SELF-SIMILAR 2D MHD SOLUTIONS MAGNETIC COLLAPSE AT THE ZEROTH POINT FROM COLLISIONAL TO COLLISIONLESS RECONNECTION HALL CURRENTS IN A RECONNECTING CURRENT LAYER GENERALIZED ANALYTICAL MODELS OF RECONNECTION TWO CLASSICAL MODELS OF RECONNECTION GENERALIZED MODELS OF SYROVATSKII’S CURRENT LAYER APPROACH TO FINDING THE MAGNETIC FIELD CURRENT LAYER WITH ATTACHED DISCONTINUITIES MAGNETIC FIELD PATTERN CHARACTER OF SHOCK WAVES CHANGES OF A SHOCK-WAVE TYPE CURRENT LAYERS IN COLLISIONLESS PLASMA DISRUPTING CURRENT LAYERS EVIDENCE OF RECONNECTION IN SOLAR FLARES THE ROLE OF MAGNETIC FIELDS BASIC QUESTIONS CONCEPT OF MAGNETIC RECONNECTION SOME RESULTS OF OBSERVATIONS THE SIMPLE TOPOLOGICAL MODEL OF AN ACTIVE REGION THE POTENTIAL MAGNETIC FIELD APPROXIMATION CLASSI?CATION OF ZEROTH POINTS THE NUMBER OF ZEROTH POINTS THE ELECTRIC CURRENTS NEEDED THE LONGITUDINAL MAGNETIC FIELD THE SOLAR FLARE ON 1980 NOVEMBER 5 OBSERVED AND MODEL MAGNETOGRAMS TOPOLOGICAL PORTRAIT OF THE ACTIVE REGION FEATURES OF THE FLARE TOPOLOGICAL MODEL COMPLEXITY OF A TOPOLOGICAL MODEL THE S-LIKE MORPHOLOGY AND ERUPTIVE ACTIVITY RECONNECTION IN ACTION A CURRENT LAYER AS THE SOURCE OF ENERGY PRE-?ARE ACCUMULATION OF ENERGY FLARE ENERGY RELEASE THE RCL AS A PART OF AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT SOLAR FLARES OF THE SYROVATSKII TYPE GENERAL DE?NITIONS ACCUMULATION OF FLARE ENERGY STATIONARY HEATING OF A CURRENT LAYER PARTICLE ACCELERATION 3D MODELS OF THE SYROVATSKII TYPE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOLAR FLARES THE SAKAO-TYPE FLARES NEW TOPOLOGICAL MODELS RECONNECTION BETWEEN ACTIVE REGIONS THE BASTILLE DAY FLARE AND SIMILAR SOLAR FLARES OBSERVATIONAL PROPERTIES OF THE BASTILLE DAY FLARE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FLARE OVERLAY HXR IMAGES ON MAGNETOGRAMS QUESTIONS OF INTERPRETATION MOTION OF THE HXR KERNELS MAGNETIC FIELD EVOLUTION THE HXR KERNELS AND FIELD EVOLUTION SIMPLI?ED TOPOLOGICAL MODEL PHOTOSPHERIC FIELD MODEL TOPOLOGICAL PORTRAIT CORONAL FIELD MODEL: SEPARATORS CHROMOSPHERIC RIBBONS AND KERNELS RECONNECTED MAGNETIC FLUX ELECTRIC FIELD DISCUSSION OF TOPOLOGICAL MODEL TOPOLOGICAL TRIGGER FOR SOLAR FLARES WHAT IS THAT? HOW DOES THE TOPOLOGICAL TRIGGER WORK? THE TOPOLOGICAL TRIGGER DOES WORK THE GEOEFFECTIVE FLARES ON 2003 NOVEMBER 18 MODELING THE PHOTOSPHERIC MAGNETOGRAMS SEPARATORS AND SEPARATRIX SURFACES EVOLUTION OF MAGNETIC FIELD TOPOLOGY TOPOLOGICALLY CRITICAL STATE ELECTRIC CURRENTS RELATED TO RECONNECTION PLANE RECONNECTION AS A STARTING POINT PRE-?ARE EVOLUTION AND ENERGY ACCUMULATION THREE-COMPONENT 2D AND 3D RECONNECTION PHOTOSPHERIC SHEAR AND CORONAL RECONNECTION ACCUMULATION OF MAGNETIC ENERGY FLARE ENERGY RELEASE AND CMES FLARE AND HXR FOOTPOINTS SHEAR FLOWS AND PHOTOSPHERIC RECONNECTION MOTIONS OF THE HXR FOOTPOINTS IN FLARES THE FOOTPOINT MOTIONS IN SOME FLARES STATISTICS OF THE FOOTPOINT MOTIONS THE FP MOTIONS ORTHOGONAL TO THE SNL THE FP MOTIONS ALONG THE SNL DISCUSSION OF STATISTICAL RESULTS MOTIONS OF THE CORONAL HXR SOURCES OBSERVATIONAL BACKGROUND THEORETICAL INTERPRETATION OPEN ISSUES AND SOME CONCLUSIONS MODELS OF RECONNECTING CURRENT LAYERS MAGNETICALLY NEUTRAL CURRENT LAYERS THE SIMPLEST MHD MODEL THE CURRENT LAYER BY SYROVATSKII SIMPLE SCALING LAWS MAGNETICALLY NON-NEUTRAL RCL TRANSVERSAL MAGNETIC FIELDS BASIC PHYSICS OF THE SHTCL A GENERAL FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM PROBLEM IN THE STRONG FIELD APPROXIMATION BASIC LOCAL PARAMETERS OF THE SHTCL THE GENERAL SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM PLASMA TURBULENCE INSIDE THE SHTCL MARGINAL AND SATURATION REGIMES FORMULAE FOR THE BASIC PARAMETERS OF THE SHTCL THE APPLICABILITY OF THE MODEL THE SHTCL WITH A SMALL TRANSVERSE FIELD SHTCL IN SOLAR FLARES WHY ARE FLARES SO DIFFERENT BUT SIMILAR? MAGNETIC-FIELD GRADIENT EFFECTS THE ROLE OF THE PLASMA DENSITY SUPER-HOT PLASMA PRODUCTION BEFORE AND AFTER YOHKOH ON THE PARTICLE ACCELERATION IN A SHTCL OPEN ISSUES OF RECONNECTION IN FLARES COLLAPSING MAGNETIC TRAPS IN SOLAR FLARES CORONAL HXR SOURCES IN FLARES GENERAL PROPERTIES AND OBSERVATIONAL PROBLEMS UPWARD MOTION OF CORONAL HXR SOURCES YOHKOH DATA ON AVERAGE UPWARD VELOCITY RHESSI OBSERVATION OF CORONAL X-RAY SOURCES THE COLLAPSING TRAP EFFECT IN SOLAR FLARES FAST ELECTRONS IN CORONAL HXR SOURCES FAST PLASMA OUT?OWS AND SHOCKS PARTICLE ACCELERATION IN COLLAPSING TRAP THE UPWARD MOTION OF CORONAL HXR SOURCES TRAP WITHOUT A SHOCK WAVE ACCELERATION MECHANISMS IN TRAPS FAST AND SLOW RECONNECTION THE FIRST-ORDER FERMI-TYPE ACCELERATION THE BETATRON ACCELERATION IN A COLLAPSING TRAP THE BETATRON ACCELERATION IN A SHOCKLESS TRAP MAIN PROPERTIES OF TRAPPED PARTICLES DOMINANT MECHANISM OF ACCELERATION ANISOTROPY OF TRAPPED PARTICLES THE NUMBER OF TRAPPED PARTICLES DENSITY OF TRAPPED PARTICLES TOTAL ENERGY OF TRAPPED PARTICLES DIAGNOSTICS OF COLLAPSING TRAPS SPECTRUM OF TRAPPED PARTICLES THE EMISSION MEASURE OF HXR BREMSSTRAHLUNG THE SPECTRUM OF HXR BREMSSTRAHLUNG COULOMB COLLISIONS IN COLLAPSING TRAPS QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF EXPECTED EFFECTS ISOTROPIZATION EFFECT OF SCATTERING PARTICLE CON?NEMENT PARTICLE BRAKING AND CON?NEMENT FINAL REMARKS ABOUT COLLAPSING TRAPS SOLAR-TYPE FLARES IN LABORATORY AND SPACE SOLAR FLARES IN LABORATORY TURBULENT HEATING IN TOROIDAL DEVICES CURRENT-DRIVEN TURBULENCE IN CURRENT LAYERS PARAMETERS OF A CURRENT LAYER WITH CDT THE SHTCL WITH ANOMALOUS HEAT CONDUCTION RECONNECTION IN THE EARTH MAGNETOSPHERE MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS PROBLEMS ORIGIN OF MAGNETOSPHERIC RECONNECTION MHD SIMULATIONS OF SPACE WEATHER FLARES IN ACCRETION DISK CORONAE INTRODUCTORY COMMENTS MODELS OF THE STAR MAGNETOSPHERE POWER OF ENERGY RELEASE IN THE DISK CORONAE THE GIANT FLARES PARTICLE ACCELERATION IN CURRENT LAYERS MAGNETICALLY NON-NEUTRAL RCLS AN INTRODUCTION IN THE PROBLEM DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS AND EQUATIONS AN ITERATIVE SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM THE MAXIMUM ENERGY OF AN ACCELERATED PARTICLE THE NON-ADIABATIC THICKNESS OF CURRENT LAYER REGULAR VERSUS CHAOTIC ACCELERATION REASONS FOR CHAOS THE STABILIZING EFFECT OF THE LONGITUDINAL FIELD CHARACTERISTIC TIMES OF PROCESSES DYNAMICS OF ACCELERATED ELECTRONS IN SOLAR FLARES INITIAL CONDITIONS OF MOTION PARTICLE SIMULATIONS OF COLLISIONLESS RECONNECTION ION ACCELERATION IN CURRENT LAYERS IONS ARE MUCH HEAVIER THAN ELECTRONS ELECTRICALLY NON-NEUTRAL CURRENT LAYERS MAXIMUM PARTICLE ENERGY AND ACCELERATION RATES HOW ARE SOLAR PARTICLES ACCELERATED? PLACE OF ACCELERATION TIME OF ACCELERATION SPECTRUM OF ACCELERATED PARTICLES COSMIC RAYS AND COSMIC GAMMA-RAYS STRUCTURAL INSTABILITY OF RECONNECTING CURRENT LAYERS SOME PROPERTIES OF CURRENT LAYERS CURRENT LAYER SPLITTING EVOLUTIONARITY OF RECONNECTING CURRENT LAYERS MAGNETIC FIELD NEAR THE CURRENT LAYER RECONNECTING CURRENT LAYER FLOWS ADDITIONAL SIMPLIFYING ASSUMPTIONS SMALL PERTURBATIONS OUTSIDE THE RCL BASIC ASSUMPTIONS PROPAGATION OF PERTURBATIONS NORMAL TO A RCL THE INCLINED PROPAGATION OF PERTURBATIONS PERTURBATIONS INSIDE THE RCL LINEARIZED DISSIPATIVE MHD EQUATIONS BOUNDARY CONDITIONS DIMENSIONLESS EQUATIONS AND SMALL PARAMETERS SOLUTION OF THE LINEARIZED EQUATIONS SOLUTION ON THE BOUNDARY OF THE RCL THE CRITERION OF EVOLUTIONARITY ONE-DIMENSIONAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS SOLUTIONS OF THE BOUNDARY EQUATIONS EVOLUTIONARITY AND SPLITTING OF CURRENT LAYERS TEARING INSTABILITY OF RECONNECTING CURRENT LAYERS THE ORIGIN OF THE TEARING INSTABILITY TWO NECESSARY CONDITIONS THE SIMPLEST PROBLEM AND ITS SOLUTION THE MODEL AND EQUATIONS FOR SMALL DISTURBANCES THE EXTERNAL NON-DISSIPATIVE REGION THE INTERNAL DISSIPATIVE REGION MATCHING OF THE SOLUTIONS AND THE DISPERSION RELATION PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE INSTABILITY ACTING FORCES OF THE TEARING INSTABILITY DISPERSION EQUATION FOR TEARING INSTABILITY THE STABILIZING EFFECT OF TRANSVERSAL FIELD COMPRESSIBILITY AND A LONGITUDINAL FIELD NEUTRAL CURRENT LAYERS NON-NEUTRAL CURRENT LAYERS THE KINETIC APPROACH THE TEARING INSTABILITY OF NEUTRAL LAYER STABILIZATION BY THE TRANSVERSAL FIELD THE TEARING INSTABILITY OF THE GEOMAGNETIC TAIL MAGNETIC RECONNECTION AND TURBULENCE RECONNECTION AND MAGNETIC HELICITY GENERAL PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX MHD SYSTEMS TWO TYPES OF MHD TURBULENCE HELICAL SCALING IN MHD TURBULENCE LARGE-SCALE SOLAR DYNAMO CORONAL HEATING AND FLARES CORONAL HEATING IN SOLAR ACTIVE REGIONS HELICITY AND RECONNECTION IN SOLAR FLARES STOCHASTIC ACCELERATION IN SOLAR FLARES STOCHASTIC ACCELERATION OF ELECTRONS ACCELERATION OF PROTONS AND HEAVY IONS ACCELERATION OF 3HE AND 4HE IN SOLAR FLARES ELECTRON-DOMINATED SOLAR FLARES MECHANISMS OF CORONAL HEATING HEATING OF THE QUIET SOLAR CORONA CORONAL HEATING IN ACTIVE REGIONS RECONNECTION IN WEAKLY-IONIZED PLASMA EARLY OBSERVATIONS AND CLASSICAL MODELS MODEL OF RECONNECTING CURRENT LAYER SIMPLEST BALANCE EQUATIONS SOLUTION OF THE BALANCE EQUATIONS CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RECONNECTING CURRENT LAYER RECONNECTION IN SOLAR PROMINENCES ELEMENT FRACTIONATION BY RECONNECTION THE PHOTOSPHERIC DYNAMO CURRENT GENERATION MECHANISMS PHYSICS OF THIN MAGNETIC FLUX TUBES FIP FRACTIONATION THEORY MAGNETIC RECONNECTION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS FLARE ENERGY STORAGE AND RELEASE FROM EARLY MODELS TO FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS SOME ALTERNATIVE TRENDS IN THE FLARE THEORY CURRENT LAYERS AT SEPARATRICES CURRENT LAYER FORMATION MECHANISMS MAGNETIC FOOTPOINTS AND THEIR DISPLACEMENTS CLASSICAL 2D RECONNECTION CREATION OF CURRENT LAYERS BY SHEARING FLOWS ANTISYMMETRICAL SHEARING FLOWS THE THIRD CLASS OF DISPLACEMENTS THE SHEAR AND RECONNECTION OF CURRENTS PHYSICAL PROCESSES RELATED TO SHEAR AND RECONNECTION TOPOLOGICAL INTERRUPTION OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS THE INDUCTIVE CHANGE OF ENERGY POTENTIAL AND NON-POTENTIAL FIELDS PROPERTIES OF POTENTIAL FIELDS CLASSI?CATION OF NON-POTENTIAL FIELDS OBSERVATIONS BY HINODE FAST PARTICLES IN SOLAR FLARES HARD X-RAY RADIATION FROM FAST ELECTRONS ELECTRON SPECTRUM AND CHOICE OF A MODEL INJECTION SPECTRUM THIN TARGET THICK TARGET INTERMEDIATE CASES THICK TARGET AND OTHER MODELS THE FLUX OF INJECTED ELECTRONS SOME COMBINED MODELS FLARE HEATING OF THE CHROMOSPHERE CHROMOSPHERIC HEATING BY ELECTRONS PROTONS OR ELECTRONS HEAT WHITE-LIGHT FLARES? EPILOGUE CHAPTER NEUTRAL POINTS OF A MAGNETIC FIELD THE SO-CALLED ZEROTH OR NEUTRAL POINTS, LINES AND SURFACES OF MAGNETIC ?ELD, WHICH ARE THE REGIONS WHERE MAGNETIC ?ELD EQUALS ZERO: B D 0; (1 1) PLAY THE IMPORTANT ROLE IN PLASMA ASTROPHYSICS SINCE GIOVANELLI (1946) THEY ARE OF INTEREST FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS FIRST, PLASMA BEHAVIOR IS QUITE SPECI?C IN THE VICINITY OF SUCH REGIONS (DUNGEY 1958) SECOND, THEY PREDETERMINE A LARGE NUMBER OF ASTROPHYSICAL PHENOMENA WE SHALL BE PRIMARILY CONCERNED WITH NON- STATIONARY PHENOMENA IN THE SOLAR ATMOSPHERE (SUCH AS ?ARES, CORONAL TRANSIENTS, CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS), ACCOMPANIED BY PARTICLE ACCELERATION TO HIGH ENERGIES ANALOGOUS PHENOMENA TAKE PLACE ON OTHER STARS, IN PLANETARY MAGNETOSPHERES, AND PULSARS NEUTRAL POINTS OF MAGNETIC ?ELD MOST COMMONLY APPEAR IN PLACES OF THE INTERACTION OF MAGNETIC ?UXES THE SIMPLEST WAY TO RECOGNIZE THIS IS TO CONSIDER THE EMERGING ?UX IN THE SOLAR ATMOSPHERE