MULTIMESSENGER ASTRONOMY
CONTENTS AN OVERVIEW OF MULTIMESSENGER ASTROPHYSICS INTRODUCTION ASTROPHYSICS AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS MULTIMESSENGER ASTRONOMY EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS NOT COVERED IN THIS BOOK COSMIC RAYS GAMMA-RAYS OF GEV AND TEV ENERGIES NEUTRINO ASTROPHYSICS GRAVITATIONAL WAVES THE DARK UNIVERSE LABORATORIES AND DETECTORS FOR ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS SPACE EXPERIMENTS EXPERIMENTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE GROUND-BASED EXPERIMENTS UNDERGROUND LABORATORIES FOR RARE EVENTS REFERENCES CHARGED COSMIC RAYS IN OUR GALAXY THE DISCOVERY OF COSMIC RAYS COSMIC RAYS AND THE EARLY DAYS OF PARTICLE PHYSICS THE DISCOVERY OF THE POSITRON AND PARTICLE IDENTI?CATION THE MOTION IN A MAGNETIC FIELD AND THE PARTICLE RIGIDITY THE IDENTI?CATION OF THE POSITRON A TOY TELESCOPE FOR PRIMARY COSMIC RAYS DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL FLUX THE ENERGY SPECTRUM OF PRIMARY COSMIC RAYS THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE GALAXY THE GALACTIC MAGNETIC FIELD THE INTERSTELLAR MATTER DISTRIBUTION LOW-ENERGY COSMIC RAYS FROM THE SUN THE EFFECT OF THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD NUMBER AND ENERGY DENSITY OF COSMIC RAYS ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS ON COSMIC RAY SOURCES A NOTE ON GAUSSIAN AND SI UNITS IN ELECTROMAGNETISM DIRECT COSMIC RAY DETECTION: PROTONS, NUCLEI, ELECTRONS AND ANTIMATTER GENERALITIES ON DIRECT MEASUREMENTS GENERALITIES AND “DATA MINING” ENERGY AND MOMENTUM MEASUREMENTS THE CALORIMETRIC TECHNIQUE HADRONIC INTERACTION LENGTH AND MEAN FREE PATH THE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION LENGTH HADRONIC INTERACTION LENGTH AND MEAN FREE PATH IN THE ATMOSPHERE BALLOON EXPERIMENTS SATELLITE EXPERIMENTS THE IMP EXPERIMENTS THE PAMELA EXPERIMENT THE AMS-02 EXPERIMENT ON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION ABUNDANCES OF ELEMENTS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND IN CRS COSMIC ABUNDANCES AND ORIGIN OF THE ELEMENTS ENERGY SPECTRUM OF CR PROTONS AND NUCLEI ANTIMATTER IN OUR GALAXY ELECTRONS AND POSITRONS THE POSITRON COMPONENT CONSIDERATIONS ON THE E+, E?COMPONENTS INDIRECT COSMIC RAY DETECTION: PARTICLE SHOWERS IN THE ATMOSPHERE INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL INFORMATION THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE THE ELECTROMAGNETIC (EM) CASCADE HEITLER’S MODEL OF EM SHOWERS ANALYTIC SOLUTIONS SHOWERS INITIATED BY PROTONS AND NUCLEI THE MUON COMPONENT IN A PROTON-INITIATED CASCADE THE EM COMPONENT IN A PROTON-INITIATED CASCADE DEPTH OF THE SHOWER MAXIMUM FOR A PROTON SHOWER SHOWERS INDUCED BY NUCLEI: THE SUPERPOSITION MODEL THE MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS OF SHOWERS DETECTORS OF EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWERS AT THE ENERGY OF THE KNEE A TOY EXAMPLE OF AN EAS ARRAY SOME EAS EXPERIMENTS CHERENKOV LIGHT PRODUCED BY EAS SHOWERS THE TIME PRO?LE OF CASCADES THE ARRIVAL DIRECTION OF CRS AS MEASURED WITH EAS ARRAYS THE CR FLUX MEASURED WITH EAS ARRAYS MASS COMPOSITION OF CRS AROUND THE KNEE THE NE VERSUS N? METHOD DEPTH OF THE SHOWER MAXIMUM STATUS AND FUTURE EXPERIMENTS DIFFUSION OF COSMIC RAYS IN THE GALAXY THE OVERABUNDANCE OF LI, BE, AND B IN CRS WHY LI, BE, B ARE RARE ON EARTH PRODUCTION OF LI, BE, AND B DURING PROPAGATION DATING OF COSMIC RAYS WITH RADIOACTIVE NUCLEI DATING “LIVED” MATTER WITH 14C UNSTABLE SECONDARY-TO-PRIMARY RATIOS THE DIFFUSION-LOSS EQUATION THE DIFFUSION EQUATION WITH NUCLEAR SPALLATION NUMERICAL ESTIMATE OF THE DIFFUSION COEF?CIENT D THE LEAKY BOX MODEL AND ITS EVOLUTIONS ENERGY DEPENDENCE OF THE ESCAPE TIME ?ESC ENERGY SPECTRUM OF COSMIC RAYS AT THE SOURCES ANISOTROPIES DUE TO THE DIFFUSION EVIDENCE OF EXTRAGALACTIC CRS ABOVE 8 × 1018 EV THE COMPTON–GETTING EFFECT THE ELECTRON ENERGY SPECTRUM AT THE SOURCES SYNCHROTRON RADIATION EXPECTED SPECTRAL INDEX OF ELECTRONS AVERAGE DISTANCE OF ACCELERATORS OF ELECTRONS GALACTIC ACCELERATORS AND ACCELERATION MECHANISMS SECOND- AND FIRST-ORDER FERMI ACCELERATION MECHANISMS MAGNETIC MIRRORS THE SECOND-ORDER FERMI ACCELERATION MECHANISM THE FIRST-ORDER FERMI ACCELERATION MECHANISM THE POWER-LAW ENERGY SPECTRUM FROM THE FERMI MODEL DIFFUSIVE SHOCK ACCELERATION IN STRONG SHOCK WAVES SUPERNOVA REMNANTS (SNRS) AND THE STANDARD MODEL OF CRS ACCELERATION SNRS AS GALACTIC CR ACCELERATORS RELEVANT QUANTITIES IN SNR MAXIMUM ENERGY ATTAINABLE IN THE SUPERNOVA MODEL THE SPECTRAL INDEX OF THE ENERGY SPECTRUM THE ESCAPE PROBABILITY A SHOCK FRONT IN A MONO-ATOMIC GAS SUCCESS AND LIMITS OF THE STANDARD MODEL OF COSMIC RAY ACCELERATION WHITE DWARFS, NEUTRON STARS AND PULSARS WHITE DWARFS NEUTRON STARS PULSARS STELLAR MASS BLACK HOLES POSSIBLE GALACTIC SOURCES OF COSMIC RAYS ABOVE THE KNEE A SIMPLE MODEL INVOLVING PULSARS A SIMPLE MODEL INVOLVING BINARY SYSTEMS THE EXTRAGALACTIC SOURCES AND ULTRA HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS HUBBLE’S LAW AND THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION THE LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSE ANISOTROPY OF UHECRS: THE EXTRAGALACTIC MAGNETIC FIELDS THE QUEST FOR EXTRAGALACTIC SOURCES OF UHECRS PROPAGATION OF UHECRS THE ADIABATIC ENERGY LOSS THE PROPAGATION IN THE CMB: THE GZK CUT-OFF E± PAIR PRODUCTION BY PROTONS ON THE CMB PROPAGATION IN THE EXTRAGALACTIC MAGNETIC FIELDS FLUORESCENT LIGHT AND FLUORESCENCE DETECTORS UHECR MEASUREMENTS WITH A SINGLE TECHNIQUE LARGE HYBRID OBSERVATORIES OF UHECRS RECENT OBSERVATIONS OF UHECRS THE FLUX AND ARRIVAL DIRECTIONS OF UHECRS THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF UHECRS CORRELATION OF UHECRS WITH ASTROPHYSICAL SOURCES MEASURING EEV NEUTRINOS WITH EAS ARRAYS CONSTRAINTS ON TOP-DOWN MODELS SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS THE SKY SEEN IN ? -RAYS THE SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION (SED) AND MULTIWAVELENGTH OBSERVATIONS ASTROPHYSICAL ? -RAYS: THE LEPTONIC MODEL THE SYNCHROTRON RADIATION FROM A POWER-LAW SPECTRUM SYNCHROTRON SELF-ABSORPTION INVERSE COMPTON SCATTERING THE SYNCHROTRON SELF-COMPTON (SSC) MECHANISM ASTROPHYSICAL ? -RAYS: THE HADRONIC MODEL ENERGY SPECTRUM OF ? -RAYS FROM ?0 DECAY GALACTIC SOURCES AND ? -RAYS: A SIMPLE ESTIMATE THE COMPTON GAMMA-RAY OBSERVATORY (CGRO) LEGACY THE EGRET ? -RAY SKY FERMI-LAT AND OTHER EXPERIMENTS FOR ? -RAY ASTRONOMY THE FERMI-LAT THE FERMI-GBM AGILE SWIFT DIFFUSE ? -RAYS IN THE GALACTIC PLANE AN ESTIMATE OF THE DIFFUSE ? -RAY FLUX THE FERMI-LAT CATALOGS GAMMA RAY BURSTS CLASSI?CATION OF GRBS LIMITS OF ? -RAY OBSERVATIONS FROM SPACE THE TEV SKY AND MULTIWAVELENGTH ASTROPHYSICS THE IMAGING CHERENKOV TECHNIQUE GAMMA-RAY VERSUS CHARGED CR DISCRIMINATION HESS, VERITAS AND MAGIC EAS ARRAYS FOR ? -ASTRONOMY TEV ASTRONOMY: THE CATALOG GAMMA-RAYS FROM PULSARS THE CRAB PULSAR AND NEBULA THE PROBLEM OF THE IDENTI?CATION OF GALACTIC CR SOURCES EXTENDED SUPERNOVA REMNANTS THE SED OF SOME PECULIAR SNRS SUMMARY OF THE STUDY OF GALACTIC ACCELERATORS ACTIVE GALAXIES THE EXTRAGALACTIC ? -RAY SKY THE SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS OF BLAZARS QUASI-SIMULTANEOUS SEDS OF FERMI-LAT BLAZARS SIMULTANEOUS SED CAMPAIGNS AND MRK 421 JETS IN ASTROPHYSICS TIME VARIABILITY IN JETS THE EXTRAGALACTIC BACKGROUND LIGHT HIGH-ENERGY NEUTRINO ASTROPHYSICS THE CR, ? -RAY AND NEUTRINO CONNECTION NEUTRINO DETECTION PRINCIPLE BACKGROUND IN LARGE VOLUME NEUTRINO DETECTORS NEUTRINO DETECTORS AND NEUTRINO TELESCOPES RECONSTRUCTION OF NEUTRINO-INDUCED TRACKS AND SHOWERS MUON NEUTRINO DETECTION SHOWERING EVENTS COSMIC NEUTRINO FLUX ESTIMATES A REFERENCE NEUTRINO FLUX FROM A GALACTIC SOURCE EXTRAGALACTIC DIFFUSE NEUTRINO FLUX NEUTRINOS FROM GRBS WHY KM3-SCALE TELESCOPES? THE NEUTRINO EFFECTIVE AREA OF REAL DETECTORS NUMBER OF OPTICAL SENSORS IN A NEUTRINO TELESCOPE WATER AND ICE PROPERTIES RUNNING AND PLANNED NEUTRINO DETECTORS TELESCOPES IN THE ANTARCTIC ICE TELESCOPES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA A TELESCOPE IN LAKE BAIKAL ULTRA HIGH ENERGY (UHE) NEUTRINO DETECTION RESULTS FROM NEUTRINO TELESCOPES POINT-LIKE SOURCES LIMITS FROM GRBS AND UNRESOLVED SOURCES THE FIRST EVIDENCES OF COSMIC NEUTRINOS THE HIGH-ENERGY STARTING EVENTS (HESE) THE PASSING MUONS DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS AND PERSPECTIVES FOR NEUTRINO ASTROPHYSICS COSMOGENIC NEUTRINOS REAL-TIME ALERT AND MULTIMESSENGER FOLLOW-UP PROGRAMS ATMOSPHERIC MUONS AND NEUTRINOS NUCLEONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE SECONDARY MESONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE MUONS AND NEUTRINOS FROM CHARGED MESON DECAYS THE CONVENTIONAL ATMOSPHERIC NEUTRINO FLUX THE PROMPT COMPONENT IN THE MUON AND NEUTRINO FLUX THE PARTICLE FLUX AT SEA LEVEL MEASUREMENTS OF MUONS AT SEA LEVEL UNDERGROUND MUONS THE DEPTH–INTENSITY RELATION CHARACTERISTICS OF UNDERGROUND/UNDERWATER MUONS EARLY EXPERIMENTS FOR ATMOSPHERIC NEUTRINOS OSCILLATIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC NEUTRINOS MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC ?? OSCILLATIONS IN UNDERGROUND EXPERIMENTS EVENT TOPOLOGIES IN SUPER-KAMIOKANDE THE IRON CALORIMETER SOUDAN 2 EXPERIMENT UPWARD-GOING MUONS AND MACRO ATMOSPHERIC ?? OSCILLATIONS AND ACCELERATOR CON?RMATIONS ATMOSPHERIC NEUTRINO FLUX AT HIGH ENERGIES LOW-ENERGY NEUTRINO PHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS STELLAR EVOLUTION OF SOLAR MASS STARS THE STANDARD SOLAR MODEL AND NEUTRINOS SOLAR NEUTRINO DETECTION THE SNO MEASUREMENT OF THE TOTAL NEUTRINO FLUX OSCILLATIONS AND SOLAR NEUTRINOS OSCILLATIONS AMONG THREE NEUTRINO FAMILIES THREE-FLAVOR OSCILLATION AND KAMLAND MEASUREMENTS OF ?13 THE NEUTRINO FLUX FROM THE SUN MATTER EFFECT IN THE SUN THE BOREXINO EXPERIMENT AT GRAN SASSO LAB SUMMARY OF SOLAR EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS NEUTRINO OSCILLATION PARAMETERS EFFECTS OF NEUTRINO MIXING ON COSMIC NEUTRINOS FORMATION OF HEAVY ELEMENTS IN MASSIVE STARS STELLAE NOVAE ACCRETING WHITE DWARF: TYPE I SUPERNOVAE CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE (TYPE II) COMPUTER SIMULATIONS OF TYPE II SUPERNOVAE DESCRIPTION FOR A TYPE II SUPERNOVAE SUPERNOVAE PRODUCING LONG GRBS NEUTRINO SIGNAL FROM A CORE-COLLAPSE SN SUPERNOVA RATE AND LOCATION THE NEUTRINO SIGNAL DETECTION OF SUPERNOVA NEUTRINOS THE SN1987A STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS AND THE ORIGIN OF TRANS-FE ELEMENTS BASICS ON THE OBSERVATIONS OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVES FROM EINSTEIN EQUATION TO GRAVITATIONAL WAVES A LONG STORY SHORT SUMMARY OF THE MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND ENERGY CARRIED BY A GRAVITATIONAL WAVE THE TWO-BODY SYSTEM GROUND-BASED LASER INTERFEROMETERS THE ADVANCED LIGO INTERFEROMETERS SENSITIVITY OF GROUND-BASED INTERFEROMETERS GW150914 INSPIRAL STAGE COALESCENCE STAGE: INDIVIDUAL MASSES LUMINOSITY DISTANCE AND COSMOLOGICAL EFFECTS TOTAL EMITTED ENERGY RINGDOWN STAGE: SPIN OF THE BHS SOURCE LOCALIZATION IN THE SKY ASTROPHYSICS OF STELLAR BLACK HOLES AFTER GW150914 GW170817, GRB170817A AND AT 2017GFO: ONE EVENT GW170817 GRB170817A THE KILONOVA: ELECTROMAGNETIC FOLLOW-UP OF AT 2017GFO PERSPECTIVES FOR OBSERVATIONAL COSMOLOGY AFTER GW170817 GW170817: THE AXIS JET, THE AFTERGLOW AND NEUTRINOS BURSTS OF GWS FROM STELLAR GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSES MICROCOSM AND MACROCOSM THE STANDARD MODEL OF THE MICROCOSM: THE BIG BANG THE STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS AND BEYOND GRAVITATIONAL EVIDENCE OF DARK MATTER DARK MATTER SUPERSYMMETRY (SUSY) MINIMAL STANDARD SUPERSYMMETRIC MODEL (MSSM) COSMOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS AND WIMP INTERACTIONS OF WIMPS WITH ORDINARY MATTER WIMPS ANNIHILATION WIMPS ELASTIC SCATTERING DIRECT DETECTION OF DARK MATTER: EVENT RATES DIRECT SEARCHES FOR WIMPS SOLID-STATE CRYOGENIC DETECTORS SCINTILLATING CRYSTALS NOBLE LIQUID DETECTORS PRESENT EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND THE FUTURE INDIRECT SEARCHES FOR WIMPS NEUTRINOS FROM WIMP ANNIHILATION IN MASSIVE OBJECTS GAMMA-RAYS FROM WIMPS THE POSITRON EXCESS: A WIMP SIGNATURE? WHAT’S NEXT? CONCLUSIONS