OPTICAL INTERFEROMETRY

By ROBERT PEREZ

CONTENTS 1 INTERFEROMETRY: ITS DEVELOPMENT THE WAVE THEORY OF LIGHT THE MICHELSON–MORLEY EXPERIMENT MEASUREMENT OF THE METRE OPTICAL TESTING COHERENCE INTERFERENCE SPECTROSCOPY THE LASER ELECTRONIC TECHNIQUES HETERODYNE TECHNIQUES FIBER INTERFEROMETERS NONLINEAR INTERFEROMETERS STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY SPACE-TIME AND GRAVITATION QUANTUM EFFECTS FUTURE DIRECTIONS 2 TWO-BEAM INTERFERENCE COMPLEX REPRESENTATION OF LIGHT WAVES INTERFERENCE OF TWO MONOCHROMATIC WAVES WAVEFRONT DIVISION AMPLITUDE DIVISION INTERFERENCE IN A PLANE-PARALLEL PLATE FIZEAU FRINGES INTERFERENCE IN A THIN FILM LOCALIZATION OF FRINGES NONLOCALIZED FRINGES LOCALIZED FRINGES FRINGES IN A PLANE-PARALLEL PLATE FRINGES IN A WEDGED THIN FILM TWO-BEAM INTERFEROMETERS THE MICHELSON INTERFEROMETER FRINGES OF EQUAL INCLINATION FRINGES OF EQUAL THICKNESS THE MACH–ZEHNDER INTERFEROMETER THE SAGNAC INTERFEROMETER INTERFERENCE WITH WHITE LIGHT CHANNELED SPECTRA ACHROMATIC FRINGES STANDING WAVES INTERFERENTIAL COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY 3 COHERENCE QUASI-MONOCHROMATIC LIGHT WAVES AND WAVE GROUPS PHASE VELOCITY AND GROUP VELOCITY THE MUTUAL COHERENCE FUNCTION SPATIAL COHERENCE TEMPORAL COHERENCE COHERENCE TIME AND COHERENCE LENGTH COHERENCE IN THE SPACE-FREQUENCY DOMAIN NONCLASSICAL LIGHT EFFECTS IN TWO-BEAM INTERFEROMETERS SOURCE-SIZE EFFECTS SPECTRAL BANDWIDTH EFFECTS SPECTRAL CHANGES DUE TO COHERENCE POLARIZATION EFFECTS 4 MULTIPLE-BEAM INTERFERENCE FRINGES BY RE?ECTION FRINGES OF EQUAL CHROMATIC ORDER FRINGES OF SUPERPOSITION THREE-BEAM FRINGES DOUBLE-PASSED FRINGES 5 LASERS LASERS FOR INTERFEROMETRY LASER MODES MODES OF A CONFOCAL RESONATOR LONGITUDINAL MODES SINGLE-FREQUENCY OPERATION COMPARISON OF LASER FREQUENCIES FREQUENCY STABILIZATION STABILIZATION WITH A REFERENCE ETALON POLARIZATION-STABILIZED LASER STABILIZED TRANSVERSE ZEEMAN LASER STABILIZATION ON THE LAMB DIP STABILIZATION BY SATURATED ABSORPTION STABILIZATION BY SATURATED FLUORESCENCE DIODE LASERS LASER BEAMS 6 ELECTRONIC PHASE MEASUREMENTS PHOTOELECTRIC SETTINGS FRINGE COUNTING HETERODYNE INTERFEROMETRY PHASE-LOCKED INTERFEROMETRY COMPUTER-AIDED FRINGE ANALYSIS FOURIER-TRANSFORM TECHNIQUES PHASE-SHIFTING INTERFEROMETRY ERROR-CORRECTING ALGORITHMS TECHNIQUES OF PHASE SHIFTING FREQUENCY SHIFTING POLARIZATION TECHNIQUES SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENTS SINUSOIDAL PHASE MODULATION 7 MEASUREMENTS OF LENGTH LINE STANDARDS END STANDARDS THE INTEGRAL INTERFERENCE ORDER EXACT FRACTIONS THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF AIR THE INTERNATIONAL PROTOTYPE METRE THE 86KR STANDARD FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS THE DE?NITION OF THE METRE LENGTH MEASUREMENTS WITH LASERS TWO-WAVELENGTH INTERFEROMETRY WAVELENGTH-SCANNING INTERFEROMETRY SINUSOIDAL WAVELENGTH SCANNING CHANGES IN LENGTH DISPLACEMENTS VIBRATIONS DYNAMIC ANGLE MEASUREMENTS 8 OPTICAL TESTING THE FIZEAU INTERFEROMETER THE TWYMAN–GREEN INTERFEROMETER UNEQUAL-PATH INTERFEROMETERS PHASE UNWRAPPING ANALYSIS OF WAVEFRONT ABERRATIONS ZERNIKE POLYNOMIALS WAVEFRONT FITTING SHEARING INTERFEROMETERS LATERAL SHEAR INTERPRETATION OF INTERFEROGRAMS ROTATIONAL AND RADIAL SHEARING GRATING INTERFEROMETERS THE SCATTER-PLATE INTERFEROMETER THE POINT-DIFFRACTION INTERFEROMETER COMPUTERIZED TEST METHODS ABSOLUTE TESTS FOR FLATNESS SMALL-SCALE IRREGULARITIES SOURCES OF ERROR SUBAPERTURE TESTING ASPHERIC SURFACES COMPUTER-GENERATED HOLOGRAMS ROUGH SURFACES THE OPTICAL TRANSFER FUNCTION 9 INTERFERENCE MICROSCOPY THE MIRAU INTERFEROMETER COMMON PATH INTERFERENCE MICROSCOPES POLARIZATION INTERFEROMETERS LATERAL SHEAR: PLANE WAVEFRONTS LATERAL SHEAR: SPHERICAL WAVEFRONTS RADIAL SHEAR THE NOMARSKI INTERFEROMETER ELECTRONIC PHASE MEASUREMENTS PHASE-SHIFTING TECHNIQUES PHASE AMBIGUITIES WHITE-LIGHT INTERFEROMETRY PHASE SHIFTING ACHROMATIC PHASE SHIFTING SPECTRALLY RESOLVED INTERFEROMETRY SOURCES OF ERRORS 10 INTERFERENCE SPECTROSCOPY ETENDUE OF AN INTERFEROMETER THE FABRY–PEROT INTERFEROMETER THE SCANNING FPI THE SPHERICAL-MIRROR FPI THE MULTIPLE FPI THE MULTIPLE-PASS FPI BIREFRINGENT FILTERS WAVELENGTH METERS DYNAMIC WAVELENGTH METERS STATIC WAVELENGTH METERS MEASUREMENT OF LASER LINE WIDTHS LASER FREQUENCY STANDARDS 11 FOURIER-TRANSFORM SPECTROSCOPY THE ETENDUE AND MULTIPLEX ADVANTAGES THEORY RESOLUTION AND APODIZATION SAMPLING EFFECT OF SOURCE AND DETECTOR SIZE FIELD WIDENING PHASE CORRECTION NOISE PRE?LTERING INTERFEROMETERS FOR FTS COMPUTATION OF THE SPECTRUM APPLICATIONS 12 INTERFEROMETRIC SENSORS ROTATION SENSORS RING LASERS RING INTERFEROMETERS SENSORS FOR PHYSICAL QUANTITIES MULTIPLEXED FIBER-OPTIC SENSORS LASER-FEEDBACK INTERFEROMETERS DIODE-LASER INTERFEROMETERS DOPPLER INTERFEROMETRY LASER-DOPPLER VELOCIMETRY SURFACE VELOCITIES VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS INTERFEROMETRIC MAGNETOMETERS ADAPTIVE OPTICS 13 NONLINEAR INTERFEROMETERS SECOND-HARMONIC INTERFEROMETRY CRITICAL PHASE-MATCHING PHASE-CONJUGATE INTERFEROMETERS PHASE-CONJUGATING MIRRORS INTERFEROMETERS WITH ACTIVE ELEMENTS PHOTOREFRACTIVE OSCILLATORS MEASUREMENT OF THIRD-ORDER SUSCEPTIBILITY OPTICAL FIBERS OPTICAL SWITCHES 14 STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY MICHELSON’S STELLAR INTERFEROMETER THE INTENSITY INTERFEROMETER HETERODYNE STELLAR INTERFEROMETRY LARGE HETERODYNE INTERFEROMETER LONG-BASELINE STELLAR INTERFEROMETERS STELLAR SPECKLE INTERFEROMETRY SPECKLE HOLOGRAPHY THE HYPER-TELESCOPE ASTROMETRY NULLING INTERFEROMETERS TELESCOPE ARRAYS 15 SPACE-TIME AND GRAVITATION GRAVITATIONAL WAVES GRAVITATIONAL WAVE DETECTORS LIGO THE STANDARD QUANTUM LIMIT SQUEEZED STATES OF LIGHT INTERFEROMETRY BELOW THE SQL 16 SINGLE-PHOTON INTERFERENCE INTERFERENCE AT THE “SINGLE-PHOTON” LEVEL INTERFERENCE—THE QUANTUM PICTURE SOURCES OF NONCLASSICAL LIGHT PARAMETRIC DOWN-CONVERSION THE BEAMSPLITTER INTERFERENCE WITH SINGLE-PHOTON STATES THE GEOMETRIC PHASE OBSERVATIONS AT THE SINGLE-PHOTON LEVEL OBSERVATIONS WITH SINGLE-PHOTON STATES INTERFERENCE WITH INDEPENDENT SOURCES OBSERVATIONS IN THE TIME DOMAIN SUPERPOSITION STATES 17 FOURTH-ORDER INTERFERENCE NONCLASSICAL FOURTH-ORDER INTERFERENCE INTERFERENCE IN SEPARATED INTERFEROMETERS 18 TWO-PHOTON INTERFEROMETRY TESTS OF BELL’S INEQUALITY TESTS WITH UNBALANCED INTERFEROMETERS TESTS WITH PERFECT CORRELATIONS QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY BEAMS FROM TWO DOWN-CONVERTERS THE QUANTUM ERASER SINGLE-PHOTON TUNNELING DISPERSION CANCELATION MEASUREMENTS OF TUNNELING TIME CONCLUSIONS