PRACTICAL PHYSICS : ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
1 Electric Field and Potential 1 11 Coulomb’s law 1 12 Coulomb’s law and Newton’s law of gravitation 3 13 Principle of superposition 4 14 Electric field and intensity of electric field 4 15 Electric field due to a system of charges at a point 5 16 Electric field due to a continuous charge distribution 5 17 Electric field due to an infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire (or rod) 6 18 Work done on a charge in an electrostatic field expressed as a line integral 12 19 Conservative nature of electrostatic field 13 110 Electric potential V 13 111 Relation between E ? and V at a point : E ? ? ? ??V 14 112 Gain in kinetic energy by a charged partice in an electric field 16 113 Equipotential surface 16 114 Electric potential due to a uniformly charged rod at a point on perpendicular bisector 17 115 Electric potential and field due to a uniformly charged disc along its axis 17 116 Electric dipole 23 117 Torque on an electric dipole in a uniform electric field 23 118 Work done in rotating an electric dipole in uniform electric field 24 119 Potential energy of electric dipole 24 120 Electric field due to a dipole 25 121 Electric potential and field due to a dipole 27 2 Network Theorems 33 21 Some important theorems of network analysis 33 22 Network analysis – Kirchoff’s laws 34 23 Superposition theorem 38 24 Thevenin’s theorem 40 25 Norton’s theorem 44 26 Maximum power transfer theorem 47 3 Magnetic Fields and Forces 53 31 Introduction 53 32 Force on a moving charge in a magnetic field – Lorentz force 53 33 Definition and unit of magnetic field B ? 55 34 Magnetic field lines 56 35 Magnetic flux and Gauss’s law is magnetostatics 56 36 Force on a straight conductor carrying current is a uniform magnetic field 57 37 Torque on a current loop in a magnetic field (Magnetic dipole moment) 59 38 Moving coil ballistic galvanometer 70 39 Damping correction 74 310 A tapping key is used to stop the oscillations of a ballistic galvanometer 76 311 Determination of reduction factor of a ballistic galvanometer 76 312 Measurement of high resistance by the method of leakage 77 313 Conditions when a moving coil galvanometer is dead-beat, critically damped or ballistic 78 [UNIT-2] 4 Source of Magnetic Field 85 85 86 88 89 90 92 92 41 Magnetic field due to a moving charge 42 Biot-Savart’s law 43 Magnetic field due to a current carrying straight wire 44 Force between two parallel currents – Definition of ampere 45 Magnetic field at the centre of a current carrying circular coil (or loop) 46 Magnetic field due to a charge in uniform circular motion 47 Magnetic field at an axial point of a current carrying circular coil 48 Rate of variation of magnetic field on the axis of current carrying 93 95 95 circular coil and Helmholtz coils (Theory of HTG galvonometer) 49 Helmholtz tanget galvanometer 410 Magnetic field due to a current carrying solenoid 411 Ampere’s law 97 312 Differential form of ampere’s law : 0 B J ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 97 313 Divergence of B ? is equal to zero ie, B ? 0 ? ? ? ? 98 314 Applications of Ampere’s law 100 5 Electromagnetic Induction 119 119 119 120 121 121 123 51 Magnetic flux 52 Electromagnetic induction - Induced EMF and induced current 53 Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction 54 Lenz’s law and Fleming’s right hand rule 55 Origin of induced electromotive force (Proof of Faraday’s law from Lorentz force) 56 Integral and differential forms of Faraday’s law 57 Eddy currents and applications 124 [UNIT-3] 6 131 131 132 133 134 136 136 Transient Currents 61 Self-induction 62 Calculation of self-induction in some simple cases 63 Magnetic energy stored in an inductor 64 Inductors in series and parallel 65 Transient currents 66 Growth and decay of current in LR circuit 67 Charging and discharging of a condenser through resistance (Rise and decay of current in CR circuit) 143 150 151 154 68 Discharging of a capacitor through inductance 69 LCR circuit – Charging of a capacitor through LR circuit 610 LCR circuit – Discharging of a condenser through LR circuit 611 Quality factor Q 157 7 Scalar and Vector Fields 165 165 166 168 71 Scalars and vectors 72 Scalar and vector fields 73 Partial derivatives 74 Gradient of a scalar field 169 75 Relation between field and potential (E ? ? ? ? ? V ) 171 76 Divergence 179 77 Curl 186 78 Line, surface and volume integrals 197 79 Fundamental theorems of divergence and curl (statements only) 204 8 Electromagnetic Waves 213 81 Introdution 213 82 Equation of contimity 213 83 Maxwell’s displacement current 214 84 Maxwells equations 216 85 Derivation of Maxwell’s equations 217 86 Maxwell’s equations in integral form 219 87 Electromagnetic waves 224 88 Wave equation satisfied by electric field E ? and magnetic field B ? in free space 224 89 Propagation of electromagnetic waves in a dielectric medium 226 810 Plane electromagnetic waves in vacuum 227 811 Characteristics of plane electromagnetic waves in vacuum 228 812 Energy density in electromagnetic field – Poynting vector 232 813 Momentum in an electromagnetic wave 235 814 Relation between radiation pressure and energy density 236 [UNIT-4] 9 Alternating Current 243 91 Alternating current (AC) 243 92 Simple AC circuits 244 93 (a) Circuit containing inductance (L), resistance (R) in series (vector method) 247 (b) Circuit containing capacitance (C) and resistance (R) in series 247 (c) Circuit containing inductance (L) and capacitance (C) in series 248 94 Circuit containing LCR in series (Vector method) 249 95 Variation of current amplitude and phase with the frequency of applied emf 251 96 Sharpness of resonance in LCR circuit 252 97 Power consumed in an AC circuit 255 98 Choke Coil 257 99 Parallel AC circuit 257 910 Complex number representation 260 911 Uses of complex number representation in simple AC circuits 262 912 AC Networks – Combinations of impedences 264 913 Kirchoff’s laws as applied to AC networks 265 914 AC bridge – General equation of its balance 265 915 Maxwell’s bridge 266 10 Thermoelectricity 279 101 Seebeck effect and thermoelectric series 279 102 Neutral temperature and inversion temperature 279 103 Measurement of thermo emf by potentiometer 280 104 Laws of thermoelectricity 280 105 Peltier effect 281 106 Experimental demonstration of Peltier effect – SG Starling method 282 107 Thomson effect 282 108 Demonstration of Thomson effect 284 109 Theory of thermoelectric circuits using thermodynamics 284 1010 Thermoelectric diagrams 286 1011 Further discussion on thermoelectric quantities 288 1012 Application of thermoelectricity : 290 (a) Thermopile, (b) Boys radio-micrometer, (c) Thermo-electric pyrometer