THE MECHANICAL THEORY OF HEAT
1 Temperature 1 2 Energy 9 Caloric Theory9 Benjamin Thompson, Graf von Rumford10 Robert Julius Mayer 13 James Prescott Joule 21 Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand (von) Helmholtz 24 Electro-magnetic Energy 29 Albert Einstein35 Lorentz Transformation37 E = m c2 40 Annus Mirabilis43 3 Entropy47 Heat Engines 47 Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot 52 Benoît Pierre mile Clapeyron 55 William Thomson, Lord Kelvin 57 Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius 59 Second law of Thermodynamics 65 Exploitation of the Second Law 68 Terroristic Nimbus of Entropy and Second Law 72 Modern Version of Zeroth, First and Second Laws 73 What is Entropy? 77 4 Entropy as S = k ln W79 Renaissance of the Atom in Chemistry 80 Elementary Kinetic Theory of Gases 82 James Clerk Maxwell 87 The Boltzmann Factor Equipartition 92 Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann94 É Reversibility and Recurrence 103 Maxwell Demon 107 Boltzmann and Philosophy 108 Kinetic Theory of Rubber 111 Gibbs´s Statistical Mechanics 117 Other Extrapolations Information 123 5 Chemical Potentials 127 Josiah Willard Gibbs 128 Entropy of Mixing Gibbs Paradox 129 Homogeneity of Gibbs Free Energy for a Single Body 131 Gibbs Phase Rule 133 Law of Mass Action 134 Semi-permeable Membranes 136 On Definition and Measurement of Chemical Potentials 137 Osmosis 139 Raoult´s Law 142 Alternatives of the Growth of Entropy 146 Entropy and Energy in Competition 148 Phase Diagrams 149 Law of Mass Action for Ideal Mixtures 152 Fritz Haber 156 Socio-thermodynamics 159 6 Third law of Thermodynamics 165 Capitulation of Entropy 165 Inaccessibility of Absolute Zero 167 Diamond and Graphite 168 Hermann Walter Nernst 170 Liquifying Gases 172 Johannes Diderik Van Der Waals 176 Helium 182 Adiabatic Demagnetisation 185 He3-He4 Cryostats 186 Entropy of Ideal Gases 187 Classical Limit 191 Full Degeneration and Bose-Einstein Condensation 192 Satyendra Nath Bose 194 Bosons and Fermions Transition probabilities 195 7 Radiation Thermodynamics197 Black Bodies and Cavity Radiation 198 Violet Catastrophy 201 Planck Distribution 204 Energy Quanta 207 Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck 209 Photoelectric Effect and Light Quanta 211 Radiation and Atoms 212 Photons, a New Name for Light Quanta 214 Photon Gas 216 Convective Equilibrium 222 Arthur Stanley Eddington 227 8 Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes233 Phenomenological Equations 233 9 Fluctuations 273 Brownian Motion 273 Brownian Motion as a Stochastic Process275 Mean Regression of Fluctuations 279 Auto-correlation Function 281 Extrapolation of Onsager´s Hypothesis282 Light Scattering 282 More Information About Light Scattering 286 10 Relativistic Thermodynamics 289 Ferencz Jüttner 289 White Dwarfs 293 Subramanyan Chandrasekhar 296 Maximum Characteristic Speed 299 ? Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier………………………………… 233 ? Adolf Fick……………………………………………………237 ? George Gabriel Stokes…………………………………………239 Carl Eckart……………………………………………………… 242 Onsager Relations……………………………………………… 248 Rational Thermodynamics……………………………………… 250 Extended Thermodynamics………………………………………255 ? Formal Structure………………………………………………255 ? Symmetric Hyperbolic Systems………………………………256 ? Growth and Decay of Waves…………………………………258 ? Carlo Cattaneo…………………………………………………261 ? Shock Waves…………………………………………………267 ? Boundary Conditions…………………………………………268 ? Characteristic Speeds in Monatomic Gases……………………259 ? Field Equations for Moments…………………………………265 11 Metabolism 307 Carbon Cycle 308 Respiratory Quotient 309 Metabolic Rates 312 Digestive Catabolism 313 Tissue Respiration 315 Anabolism 316 On Thermodynamics of Metabolism 319 What is Life? 320 Boltzmann-Chernikov Equation 300 Ott-Planck Imbroglio 303