PHYSICS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
CONTENTS STATIC FORCES EQUILIBRIUM AND STABILITY EQUILIBRIUM CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE HUMAN BODY STABILITY OF THE HUMAN BODY UNDER THE ACTION OF AN EXTERNAL FORCE SKELETAL MUSCLES LEVERS THE ELBOW THE HIP LIMPING THE BACK STANDING TIP-TOE ON ONE FOOT DYNAMIC ASPECTS OF POSTURE EXERCISES FRICTION STANDING AT AN INCLINE FRICTION AT THE HIP JOINT SPINE FIN OF A CAT?SH TRANSLATIONAL MOTION VERTICAL JUMP E?ECT OF GRAVITY ON THE VERTICAL JUMP RUNNING HIGH JUMP RANGE OF A PROJECTILE STANDING BROAD JUMP RUNNING BROAD JUMP (LONG JUMP) MOTION THROUGH AIR ENERGY CONSUMED IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ANGULAR MOTION FORCES ON A CURVED PATH A RUNNER ON A CURVED TRACK PENDULUM WALKING PHYSICAL PENDULUM SPEED OF WALKING AND RUNNING ENERGY EXPENDED IN RUNNING ALTERNATE PERSPECTIVES ON WALKING AND RUNNING CARRYING LOADS ELASTICITY AND STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LONGITUDINAL STRETCH AND COMPRESSION A SPRING BONE FRACTURE: ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS IMPULSIVE FORCES FRACTURE DUE TO A FALL: IMPULSIVE FORCE CONSIDERATIONS AIRBAGS: IN?ATING COLLISION PROTECTION DEVICES WHIPLASH INJURY FALLING FROM GREAT HEIGHT OSTEOARTHRITIS AND EXERCISE INSECT FLIGHT HOVERING FLIGHT INSECT WING MUSCLES POWER REQUIRED FOR HOVERING KINETIC ENERGY OF WINGS IN FLIGHT ELASTICITY OF WINGS FLUIDS FORCE AND PRESSURE IN A FLUID PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE HYDROSTATIC SKELETON ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE POWER REQUIRED TO REMAIN A?OAT BUOYANCY OF FISH SURFACE TENSION SOIL WATER INSECT LOCOMOTION ON WATER CONTRACTION OF MUSCLES SURFACTANTS THE MOTION OF FLUIDS BERNOULLI’S EQUATION VISCOSITY AND POISEUILLE’S LAW TURBULENT FLOW CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL OF BLOOD FLOW ENERGETICS OF BLOOD FLOW TURBULENCE IN THE BLOOD ARTERIOSCLEROSIS AND BLOOD FLOW POWER PRODUCED BY THE HEART MEASUREMENT OF BLOOD PRESSURE HEAT AND KINETIC THEORY HEAT AND HOTNESS KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER DE?NITIONS UNIT OF HEAT SPECI?C HEAT LATENT HEATS TRANSFER OF HEAT CONDUCTION CONVECTION RADIATION DI?USION TRANSPORT OF MOLECULES BY DI?USION DI?USION THROUGH MEMBRANES THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM SURFACTANTS AND BREATHING DI?USION AND CONTACT LENSES 10 THERMODYNAMICS FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS DI?ERENCE BETWEEN HEAT AND OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY THERMODYNAMICS OF LIVING SYSTEMS INFORMATION AND THE SECOND LAW 11 HEAT AND LIFE ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF PEOPLE ENERGY FROM FOOD REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE CONTROL OF SKIN TEMPERATURE RADIATIVE HEATING BY THE SUN EVAPORATION RESISTANCE TO COLD 11 10 HEAT AND SOIL 12 WAVES AND SOUND PROPERTIES OF SOUND SOME PROPERTIES OF WAVES RE?ECTION AND REFRACTION INTERFERENCE DI?RACTION HEARING AND THE EAR PERFORMANCE OF THE EAR FREQUENCY AND PITCH INTENSITY AND LOUDNESS BATS AND ECHOES SOUNDS PRODUCED BY ANIMALS ACOUSTIC TRAPS CLINICAL USES OF SOUND ULTRASONIC WAVES 13 ELECTRICITY THE NERVOUS SYSTEM THE NEURON ELECTRICAL POTENTIALS IN THE AXON ACTION POTENTIAL AXON AS AN ELECTRIC CABLE PROPAGATION OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL AN ANALYSIS OF THE AXON CIRCUIT SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION ACTION POTENTIALS IN MUSCLES SURFACE POTENTIALS ELECTRICITY IN PLANTS ELECTRICITY IN THE BONE ELECTRIC FISH 14 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY IN BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH DIAGNOSTIC EQUIPMENT THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPH PHYSIOLOGICAL E?ECTS OF ELECTRICITY CONTROL SYSTEMS FEEDBACK SENSORY AIDS HEARING AIDS COCHLEAR IMPLANT 15 OPTICS VISION NATURE OF LIGHT STRUCTURE OF THE EYE ACCOMMODATION EYE AND THE CAMERA APERTURE AND DEPTH OF FIELD LENS SYSTEM OF THE EYE REDUCED EYE RETINA RESOLVING POWER OF THE EYE 15 10 THRESHOLD OF VISION 15 11 VISION AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 15 12 DEFECTS IN VISION 15 13 LENS FOR MYOPIA 15 14 LENS FOR PRESBYOPIA AND HYPEROPIA 15 15 EXTENSION OF VISION TELESCOPE MICROSCOPE CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY FIBER OPTICS 16 ATOMIC PHYSICS THE ATOM SPECTROSCOPY QUANTUM MECHANICS ELECTRON MICROSCOPE X-RAYS X-RAY COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY LASERS LASERS SURGERY 17 NUCLEAR PHYSICS THE NUCLEUS MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING WITH NMR FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (FMRI) RADIATION THERAPY FOOD PRESERVATION BY RADIATION ISOTOPIC TRACERS LAWS OF PHYSICS AND LIFE