INTRODUCTION TO ULTRAHIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAY PHYSICS

By I. MAINN

1 INTRODUCTION 11 THE DARK AND THE LIGHT 12 WHERE THE FIRES BURN 13 THE VAST DARK SEA 14 THE GREAT BEYOND 15 THE NEXT STEPS 2 THE NUTS AND BOLTS OF THE UNIVERSE 21 THE BUILDING BLOCKS: ELEMENTARY PARTICLES 211 ATOMS AND QUANTA 212 ANTI-MATTER, NEUTRINOS AND THE PARTICLE EXPLOSION 213 ELEMENTARY, DEAR WATSON 22 THE FORCES: THREE EASY PIECES AND A HARDER ONE 221 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE 222 THE WEAK FORCE 223 THE STRONG FORCE 224 THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE 23 BEYOND THE STANDARD MODEL 24 INTO THE SOUP 3 COSMOLOGY 31 THE DYNAMICS OF THE UNIVERSE 32 THE PRIMORDIAL FIREBALL: A PARTICLE CAULDRON 33 INTO THE UNKNOWN: THE GUT AND PLANCK ERAS 34 INFLATION, DARK ENERGY AND DARK MATTER 4 COSMIC STRUCTURE FORMATION 41 THE PERTURBED UNIVERSE 42 LARGE SCALE STRUCTURE FORMATION 43 STARS: THE UNIVERSE’S WORKER BEES 44 STELLAR AND GALACTIC CONCENTRATES 45 BLACK HOLE CHARACTERISTICS 46 BLACK HOLE ASTROPHYSICS 5 ACTIVE GALAXIES 51 WHAT MAKES A GALAXY “ACTIVE”? 52 MBH MASSES, MASERS AND DISTANCES 53 AN AGN GARDEN, CLASSIFIED 54 EXTREME AGNS 6 STELLAR CATACLYSMS 61 STELLAR HIGH ENERGY SOURCES 62 WHITE DWARFS AND THERMONUCLEAR SUPERNOVAE 621 WHITE DWARF FORMATION 622 WHITE DWARF HIGH ENERGY SOURCES 63 CORE COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE 631 CORE COLLAPSE AND NEUTRON STARS 632 CORE COLLAPSE AND BLACK HOLES 633 DIFFUSE SUPERNOVA REMNANTS 64 NEUTRON STARS AND PULSARS 65 ACCRETING X-RAY BINARIES 66 MILLISECOND PULSARS 67 MAGNETARS 68 STELLAR BLACK HOLES 69 MICRO-QUASARS: NEUTRON STARS OR BLACK HOLES? 7 GAMMA-RAY BURSTS 71 WHAT ARE GAMMA-RAY BURSTS? 72 PHENOMENOLOGY OF GAMMA-RAY BURSTS 73 THE GRB PROMPT RADIATION 74 GRB PROGENITORS 741 LONG GAMMA-RAY BURSTS 742 LONG GAMMA-RAY BURSTS AND SUPERNOVAE 743 SHORT GAMMA-RAY BURSTS 75 GRB AFTERGLOWS 76 COSMOLOGICAL USES OF GRBS 77 VERY HIGH ENERGY GAMMA-RAYS 78 NON-PHOTONIC EMISSION 79 WIDER IMPACT OF GRB MULTI-CHANNEL STUDIES 8 GEV AND TEV GAMMA-RAYS 81 IMPORTANCE OF THE GEV–TEV RANGE 82 GALACTIC GEV–TEV SOURCES 83 EXTRAGALACTIC SOURCES 84 DETECTABILITY OF GEV–TEV SOURCES 85 GEV AND TEV DETECTION TECHNIQUES 9 GRAVITATIONAL WAVES 91 RIPPLES IN SPACE-TIME 92 ASTROPHYSICAL SOURCES OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVES 93 STELLAR BINARY GW SOURCES 94 GALAXIES AS GRAVITATIONAL WAVE SOURCES 95 GRAVITATIONAL WAVE DETECTORS 10 COSMIC RAYS 101 PARTICLES FROM HEAVEN 102 ULTRA-HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS 103 COSMIC-RAY OBSERVATIONAL TECHNIQUES 11 NEUTRINOS 111 THE ELUSIVE NEUTRINOS 112 STELLAR AND SUPERNOVA NEUTRINOS 113 ATMOSPHERIC NEUTRINOS 114 VHE ASTROPHYSICAL NEUTRINOS 115 COSMOGENIC NEUTRINOS 116 NEUTRINO DETECTORS 12 DARK DREAMS, HIGGS AND BEYOND 121 DARK MATTER 122 INDIRECT ASTROPHYSICAL WIMP SEARCHES 123 DIRECT WIMP SEARCHES 124 AXIONS 125 DARK ENERGY 126 BEYOND THE STANDARD MODEL AT THE LHC 127 UNDERGROUND ASTROPHYSICS AND PARTICLE PHYSICS