BASICS OF HOLOGRAPHY
CONTENTS 1 HOLOGRAPHIC IMAGING 1 1 1 EARLY DEVELOPMENT 2 1 2 THE IN LINE HOLOGRAM 4 1 3 O AXIS HOLOGRAMS 6 1 4 FOURIER HOLOGRAMS 8 1 5 LENSLESS FOURIER HOLOGRAMS 10 1 6 IMAGE HOLOGRAMS 11 1 7 RE ECTION HOLOGRAMS 12 REFERENCES 12 PROBLEMS 13 2 THE RECONSTRUCTED IMAGE 15 2 1 IMAGES OF A POINT 15 2 2 ORTHOSCOPIC AND PSEUDOSCOPIC IMAGES 17 2 3 IMAGE ABERRATIONS 17 2 3 1 CLASSI CATION OF ABERRATIONS 20 2 4 IMAGE BLUR 21 2 5 IMAGE SPECKLE 21 2 6 SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO 23 2 7 IMAGE LUMINANCE 23 REFERENCES 24 PROBLEMS 25 3 THIN AND THICK HOLOGRAMS 27 3 1 THIN GRATINGS 27 3 1 1 THIN AMPLITUDE GRATINGS 27 3 1 2 THIN PHASE GRATINGS 28 3 2 VOLUME GRATINGS 28 3 2 1 VOLUME TRANSMISSION GRATINGS 30 3 2 2 VOLUME RE ECTION GRATINGS 31 3 3 IMAGING PROPERTIES 32 3 4 THICK AND THIN GRATINGS 34 3 5 DI USELY RE ECTING OBJECTS 35 3 6 MULTIPLY EXPOSED HOLOGRAMS 35 REFERENCES 36 PROBLEMS 36 4 LIGHT SOURCES 38 4 1 LASERS 38 4 2 COHERENCE REQUIREMENTS 40 4 3 LASER BEAM EXPANSION 42 4 4 BEAM SPLITTERS 43 4 5 BEAM POLARIZATION 43 4 6 PULSED LASER HOLOGRAPHY 43 4 7 LASER SAFETY 44 REFERENCES 45 PROBLEMS 45 5 THE RECORDING MEDIUM 46 5 1 AMPLITUDE AND PHASE HOLOGRAMS 46 5 2 THE MODULATION TRANSFER FUNCTION 47 5 3 E ECTS OF NONLINEARITY 47 REFERENCES 49 PROBLEMS 49 6 RECORDING MATERIALS 50 6 1 PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS 50 6 2 DICHROMATED GELATIN 54 6 3 SILVER HALIDE SENSITIZED GELATIN 54 6 4 PHOTORESISTS 55 6 5 PHOTOPOLYMERS 55 6 6 PHOTOTHERMOPLASTICS PTP 56 6 7 PHOTOREFRACTIVE CRYSTALS 57 REFERENCES 58 PROBLEMS 59 7 DISPLAY HOLOGRAMS 60 7 1 TRANSMISSION HOLOGRAMS 60 7 2 RE ECTION HOLOGRAMS 61 7 3 FULL VIEW HOLOGRAMS 62 7 4 RAINBOW HOLOGRAMS 63 7 4 1 IMAGE BLUR 64 7 5 HOLOGRAPHIC STEREOGRAMS 68 7 6 HOLOGRAPHIC MOVIES 69 REFERENCES 70 PROBLEMS 71 8 MULTICOLOR IMAGES 72 8 1 MULTICOLOR RE ECTION HOLOGRAMS 72 8 2 MULTICOLOR RAINBOW HOLOGRAMS 72 8 3 LIGHT SOURCES 73 8 4 PSEUDOCOLOR IMAGES 74 8 4 1 PSEUDOCOLOR RAINBOW HOLOGRAMS 75 8 4 2 PSEUDOCOLOR RE ECTION HOLOGRAMS 75 REFERENCES 76 PROBLEMS 76 9 COPYING HOLOGRAMS 78 9 1 CONTACT PRINTING 78 9 2 EMBOSSED HOLOGRAMS 79 REFERENCES 80 PROBLEMS 81 10 COMPUTER GENERATED HOLOGRAMS 82 10 1 BINARY DETOUR PHASE HOLOGRAMS 83 10 2 PHASE RANDOMIZATION 87 10 3 THREE DIMENSIONAL OBJECTS 87 10 4 HOLOGRAPHIC VIDEO IMAGING 89 10 5 OPTICAL TESTING 89 REFERENCES 91 PROBLEMS 92 11 APPLICATIONS IN IMAGING 94 11 1 PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS 94 11 2 IMAGING THROUGH MOVING SCATTERERS 95 11 3 IMAGING THROUGH DISTORTING MEDIA 96 11 4 TIME GATED IMAGING 97 11 5 MULTIPLE IMAGING 98 11 5 1 MULTIPLE IMAGING USING FOURIER HOLOGRAMS 98 11 5 2 MULTIPLE IMAGING USING LENSLESS FOURIER HOLOGRAMS 99 REFERENCES 100 PROBLEMS 101 12 OTHER APPLICATIONS 102 12 1 HOLOGRAPHIC DI RACTION GRATINGS 102 12 2 HOLOGRAPHIC SCANNERS 103 12 3 HOLOGRAPHIC LTERS 104 12 4 HOLOGRAPHIC OPTICAL ELEMENTS 105 12 4 1 HEAD UP DISPLAYS 105 12 4 2 BEAM SHAPING 106 12 5 INTERCONNECTION NETWORKS 107 12 6 HOLOGRAPHIC MEMORIES 107 12 7 HOLOGRAPHIC NEURAL NETWORKS 109 REFERENCES 109 PROBLEMS 110 13 HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY 112 13 1 REAL TIME INTERFEROMETRY 112 13 2 DOUBLE EXPOSURE INTERFEROMETRY 114 13 3 SANDWICH HOLOGRAMS 115 13 4 INDUSTRIAL MEASUREMENTS 115 13 5 REFRACTIVE INDEX ELDS 117 13 6 SURFACE DISPLACEMENTS 118 13 7 THE HOLODIAGRAM 119 13 8 FRINGE LOCALIZATION 119 13 9 STRAIN ANALYSIS 120 REFERENCES 122 PROBLEMS 124 14 ADVANCED TECHNIQUES 126 14 1 MOIR INTERFEROMETRY 126 14 2 VIBRATING SURFACES 126 14 2 1 STROBOSCOPIC INTERFEROMETRY 126 14 2 2 TIME AVERAGE INTERFEROMETRY 127 14 3 CONTOURING 130 14 3 1 TWO WAVELENGTH CONTOURING 130 14 3 2 TWO INDEX CONTOURING 131 14 3 3 CHANGING THE ANGLE OF ILLUMINATION 132 REFERENCES 133 PROBLEMS 134 15 ELECTRONIC TECHNIQUES 135 15 1 COMPUTER AIDED EVALUATION 135 15 1 1 FOURIER TRANSFORM TECHNIQUES 135 15 1 2 PHASE UNWRAPPING 136 15 2 HETERODYNE INTERFEROMETRY 136 15 3 PHASE SHIFTING INTERFEROMETRY 137 15 3 1 VECTOR DISPLACEMENTS 139 15 3 2 CONTOURING 139 15 3 3 VIBRATION ANALYSIS 139 15 4 ELECTRONIC HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY 141 15 4 1 VIBRATION ANALYSIS 142 REFERENCES 143