RECRYSTALLIZATION AND RELATED ANNEALING PHENOMENA
CONTENTS CHAPTER INTRODUCTION THE ANNEALING OF A DEFORMED MATERIAL OUTLINE AND TERMINOLOGY THE IMPORTANCE OF ANNEALING HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUBJECT SOME KEY LITERATURE (1952–2003) FORCES, PRESSURES AND UNITS PRESSURE ON A BOUNDARY UNITS AND THE MAGNITUDE OF THE DRIVING PRESSURE CHAPTER THE DEFORMED STATE THE STORED ENERGY OF COLD WORK ORIGIN OF THE STORED ENERGY MEASUREMENTS OF OVERALL STORED ENERGY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STORED ENERGY AND MICROSTRUCTURE CRYSTAL PLASTICITY SLIP AND TWINNING DEFORMATION OF POLYCRYSTALS CUBIC METALS WHICH DEFORM BY SLIP THE MICROSTRUCTURAL HIERARCHY THE EVOLUTION OF THE DEFORMATION MICROSTRUCTURE IN CELL-FORMING METALS NON-CELL-FORMING METALS CUBIC METALS WHICH DEFORM BY SLIP AND TWINNING DEFORMATION TWINNING THE EFFECT OF STACKING FAULT ENERGY CLOSE PACKED HEXAGONAL (CPH) METALS DEFORMATION BANDS THE NATURE OF DEFORMATION BANDS THE FORMATION OF DEFORMATION BANDS TRANSITION BANDS THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH DEFORMATION BANDS FORM SHEAR BANDS METALS OF MEDIUM OR HIGH STACKING FAULT ENERGY METALS OF LOW STACKING FAULT ENERGY THE FORMATION OF SHEAR BANDS THE CONDITIONS FOR SHEAR BANDING THE MICROSTRUCTURES OF DEFORMED TWO-PHASE ALLOYS DISLOCATION DISTRIBUTION IN ALLOYS CONTAINING DEFORMABLE PARTICLES DISLOCATION DISTRIBUTION IN ALLOYS CONTAINING NON-DEFORMABLE PARTICLES DISLOCATION STRUCTURES AT INDIVIDUAL PARTICLES DEFORMATION ZONES AT PARTICLES DEFORMATION TEXTURES DEFORMATION TEXTURES IN FACE-CENTRED CUBIC (FCC) METALS PURE METAL TEXTURE ALLOY TEXTURE DEFORMATION TEXTURES IN BODY-CENTRED CUBIC (BCC) METALS DEFORMATION TEXTURES IN CLOSE PACKED HEXAGONAL (CPH) METALS FIBRE TEXTURES FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE TEXTURE DEVELOPMENT ROLLING GEOMETRY AND FRICTION DEFORMATION TEMPERATURE GRAIN SIZE SHEAR BANDING SECOND-PHASE PARTICLES THEORIES OF DEFORMATION TEXTURE DEVELOPMENT MACROSCOPIC MODELS RECENT MODELS THE TEXTURE TRANSITION THE STRUCTURE AND ENERGY OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES THE ORIENTATION RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GRAINS LOW ANGLE GRAIN BOUNDARIES TILT BOUNDARIES OTHER LOW ANGLE BOUNDARIES HIGH ANGLE GRAIN BOUNDARIES THE COINCIDENCE SITE LATTICE THE STRUCTURE OF HIGH ANGLE BOUNDARIES THE ENERGY OF HIGH ANGLE BOUNDARIES THE TOPOLOGY OF BOUNDARIES AND GRAINS TWO-DIMENSIONAL MICROSTRUCTURES THREE-DIMENSIONAL MICROSTRUCTURES GRAIN BOUNDARY FACETS BOUNDARY CONNECTIVITY TRIPLE JUNCTIONS THE INTERACTION OF SECOND-PHASE PARTICLES WITH BOUNDARIES THE DRAG FORCE EXERTED BY A SINGLE PARTICLE THE DRAG PRESSURE DUE TO A DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICLES THE MOBILITY AND MIGRATION OF BOUNDARIES THE ROLE OF GRAIN BOUNDARY MIGRATION DURING ANNEALING THE MICRO MECHANISMS OF GRAIN BOUNDARY MIGRATION THE CONCEPT OF GRAIN BOUNDARY MOBILITY MEASURING GRAIN BOUNDARY MOBILITIES THE MOBILITY OF LOW ANGLE GRAIN BOUNDARIES THE MIGRATION OF SYMMETRICAL TILT BOUNDARIES UNDER STRESS GENERAL LOW ANGLE BOUNDARIES MEASUREMENTS OF THE MOBILITY OF HIGH ANGLE BOUNDARIES THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON GRAIN BOUNDARY MOBILITY IN HIGH PURITY METALS THE EFFECT OF ORIENTATION ON GRAIN BOUNDARY MIGRATION IN HIGH PURITY METALS THE INFLUENCE OF SOLUTES ON BOUNDARY MOBILITY THE EFFECT OF POINT DEFECTS ON BOUNDARY MOBILITY THE SCOPE OF EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS THEORIES OF THE MOBILITY OF HIGH ANGLE BOUNDARIES THEORIES OF GRAIN BOUNDARY MIGRATION IN PURE METALS THEORIES OF GRAIN BOUNDARY MIGRATION IN SOLID SOLUTIONS THE MIGRATION OF TRIPLE JUNCTIONS THE IMPORTANCE OF TRIPLE JUNCTION MOBILITY RECOVERY AFTER DEFORMATION THE OCCURRENCE OF RECOVERY PROPERTIES AFFECTED BY RECOVERY EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS OF RECOVERY THE EXTENT OF RECOVERY MEASUREMENTS OF RECOVERY KINETICS DISLOCATION MIGRATION AND ANNIHILATION DURING RECOVERY GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS THE KINETICS OF DIPOLE ANNIHILATION RECOVERY KINETICS OF MORE COMPLEX DISLOCATION STRUCTURES REARRANGEMENT OF DISLOCATIONS INTO STABLE ARRAYS POLYGONIZATION SUBGRAIN FORMATION SUBGRAIN COARSENING THE DRIVING FORCE FOR SUBGRAIN GROWTH EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS OF SUBGRAIN COARSENING SUBGRAIN GROWTH BY BOUNDARY MIGRATION SUBGRAIN GROWTH BY ROTATION AND COALESCENCE RECOVERY MECHANISMS AND THE NUCLEATION OF RECRYSTALLIZATION THE EFFECT OF SECOND-PHASE PARTICLES ON RECOVERY THE EFFECT OF PARTICLES ON THE RATE OF SUBGRAIN GROWTH THE PARTICLE-LIMITED SUBGRAIN SIZE RECRYSTALLIZATION OF SINGLE-PHASE ALLOYS QUANTIFYING RECRYSTALLIZATION THE LAWS OF RECRYSTALLIZATION FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF RECRYSTALLIZATION THE DEFORMED STRUCTURE THE GRAIN ORIENTATIONS THE ORIGINAL GRAIN SIZE SOLUTES THE DEFORMATION TEMPERATURE AND STRAIN RATE THE ANNEALING CONDITIONS THE FORMAL KINETICS OF PRIMARY RECRYSTALLIZATION THE JOHNSON–MEHL–AVRAMI–KOLMOGOROV (JMAK) MODEL MICROSTRUCTURAL PATH METHODOLOGY RECRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS IN REAL MATERIALS NON-RANDOM SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF NUCLEI THE VARIATION OF GROWTH RATE DURING RECRYSTALLIZATION THE RECRYSTALLIZED MICROSTRUCTURE THE GRAIN SIZE THE GRAIN SHAPE THE NUCLEATION OF RECRYSTALLIZATION CLASSICAL NUCLEATION STRAIN-INDUCED GRAIN BOUNDARY MIGRATION (SIBM) THE PREFORMED NUCLEUS MODEL NUCLEATION SITES ANNEALING TWINS MECHANISMS OF TWIN FORMATION TWIN FORMATION DURING RECOVERY TWIN FORMATION DURING RECRYSTALLIZATION TWIN FORMATION DURING GRAIN GROWTH RECRYSTALLIZATION OF ORDERED MATERIALS ORDERED STRUCTURES NATURE AND STABILITY DEFORMATION OF ORDERED MATERIALS MICROSTRUCTURES AND DEFORMATION TEXTURES RECOVERY AND RECRYSTALLIZATION OF ORDERED MATERIALS L12 STRUCTURES B2 STRUCTURES DOMAIN STRUCTURES GRAIN GROWTH DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION SUMMARY RECRYSTALLIZATION OF TWO-PHASE ALLOYS THE PARTICLE PARAMETERS THE DEFORMED MICROSTRUCTURE THE OBSERVED EFFECTS OF PARTICLES ON RECRYSTALLIZATION THE EFFECT OF PARTICLE PARAMETERS THE EFFECT OF STRAIN THE EFFECT OF PARTICLE STRENGTH THE EFFECT OF MICROSTRUCTURAL HOMOGENISATION PARTICLE STIMULATED NUCLEATION OF RECRYSTALLIZATION THE MECHANISMS OF PSN THE ORIENTATIONS OF GRAINS PRODUCED BY PSN THE EFFICIENCY OF PSN THE EFFECT OF PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION THE EFFECT OF PSN ON THE RECRYSTALLIZED MICROSTRUCTURE PARTICLE PINNING DURING RECRYSTALLIZATION (ZENER DRAG) NUCLEATION OF RECRYSTALLIZATION GROWTH DURING RECRYSTALLIZATION BIMODAL PARTICLE DISTRIBUTIONS THE CONTROL OF GRAIN SIZE BY PARTICLES PARTICULATE METAL-MATRIX COMPOSITES THE INTERACTION OF PRECIPITATION AND RECRYSTALLIZATION REGIME I – PRECIPITATION BEFORE RECRYSTALLIZATION REGIME II – SIMULTANEOUS RECRYSTALLIZATION AND PRECIPITATION REGIME III – RECRYSTALLIZATION BEFORE PRECIPITATION THE RECRYSTALLIZATION OF DUPLEX ALLOYS EQUILIBRIUM MICROSTRUCTURES NON-EQUILIBRIUM MICROSTRUCTURES THE GROWTH AND STABILITY OF CELLULAR MICROSTRUCTURES THE MODEL STABILITY OF SINGLE-PHASE MICROSTRUCTURE LOW ANGLE BOUNDARIES – RECOVERY HIGH AND LOW ANGLE BOUNDARIES – RECRYSTALLIZATION HIGH ANGLE BOUNDARIES – GRAIN GROWTH THE STABILITY OF MICROSTRUCTURES AFTER VERY LARGE STRAINS STABILITY OF TWO-PHASE MICROSTRUCTURES GRAIN GROWTH FOLLOWING RECRYSTALLIZATION THE NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GRAIN GROWTH FACTORS AFFECTING GRAIN GROWTH THE BURKE AND TURNBULL ANALYSIS OF GRAIN GROWTH KINETICS COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTALLY MEASURED KINETICS TOPOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF GRAIN GROWTH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEORIES AND MODELS OF GRAIN GROWTH EARLY STATISTICAL THEORIES THE INCORPORATION OF TOPOLOGY DETERMINISTIC THEORIES RECENT THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENTS WHICH THEORY BEST ACCOUNTS FOR GRAIN GROWTH IN AN IDEAL MATERIAL? GRAIN ORIENTATION AND TEXTURE EFFECTS DURING GRAIN GROWTH KINETICS THE EFFECT OF GRAIN GROWTH ON GRAIN BOUNDARY CHARACTER DISTRIBUTION THE EFFECT OF SECOND-PHASE PARTICLES ON GRAIN GROWTH THE PARTICLE-LIMITED GRAIN SIZE PARTICLE INSTABILITY DURING GRAIN GROWTH GRAIN ROTATION DRAGGING OF PARTICLES BY BOUNDARIES ABNORMAL GRAIN GROWTH THE PHENOMENON THE EFFECT OF PARTICLES THE EFFECT OF TEXTURE SURFACE EFFECTS THE EFFECT OF PRIOR DEFORMATION RECRYSTALLIZATION TEXTURES THE NATURE OF RECRYSTALLIZATION TEXTURES RECRYSTALLIZATION TEXTURES IN FCC METALS RECRYSTALLIZATION TEXTURES IN BCC METALS RECRYSTALLIZATION TEXTURES IN HEXAGONAL METALS RECRYSTALLIZATION TEXTURES IN TWO-PHASE ALLOYS THE THEORY OF RECRYSTALLIZATION TEXTURES HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ORIENTED GROWTH ORIENTED NUCLEATION THE RELATIVE ROLES OF ORIENTED NUCLEATION AND ORIENTED GROWTH THE ROLE OF TWINNING THE EVOLUTION OF TEXTURES DURING ANNEALING THE CUBE TEXTURE IN FCC METALS THE RECRYSTALLIZATION TEXTURES OF LOW-CARBON STEELS RECRYSTALLIZATION TEXTURES OF TWO-PHASE ALLOYS TEXTURE DEVELOPMENT DURING GRAIN GROWTH HOT DEFORMATION AND DYNAMIC RESTORATION DYNAMIC RECOVERY CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONSHIPS MECHANISMS OF MICROSTRUCTURAL EVOLUTION THE MICROSTRUCTURES FORMED DURING DYNAMIC RECOVERY TEXTURE FORMATION DURING HOT DEFORMATION MODELLING THE EVOLUTION OF MICROSTRUCTURE DISCONTINUOUS DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION THE NUCLEATION OF DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION MICROSTRUCTURAL EVOLUTION THE STEADY STATE GRAIN SIZE THE FLOW STRESS DURING DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION IN SINGLE CRYSTALS DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION IN TWO-PHASE ALLOYS CONTINUOUS DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION TYPES OF CONTINUOUS DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION BY PROGRESSIVE LATTICE ROTATION DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION IN MINERALS BOUNDARY MIGRATION IN MINERALS MIGRATION AND ROTATION RECRYSTALLIZATION ANNEALING AFTER HOT DEFORMATION STATIC RECOVERY STATIC RECRYSTALLIZATION METADYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION PSN AFTER HOT DEFORMATION GRAIN GROWTH AFTER HOT WORKING CONTINUOUS RECRYSTALLIZATION DURING AND AFTER LARGE STRAIN DEFORMATION MICROSTRUCTURAL STABILITY AFTER LARGE STRAINS DEFORMATION AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURES THE DEVELOPMENT OF STABLE MICROSTRUCTURES BY LARGE STRAIN DEFORMATION THE EFFECT OF THE INITIAL GRAIN SIZE THE EFFECT OF SECOND-PHASE PARTICLES THE TRANSITION FROM DISCONTINUOUS TO CONTINUOUS RECRYSTALLIZATION THE MECHANISM OF CONTINUOUS RECRYSTALLIZATION IN ALUMINIUM DEFORMATION AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES GEOMETRIC DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION THE CONDITIONS FOR GEOMETRIC DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION THE GRAIN SIZE RESULTING FROM GEOMETRIC DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION THE STABILITY OF MICRON-GRAINED MICROSTRUCTURES AGAINST GRAIN GROWTH SINGLE-PHASE ALLOYS TWO-PHASE ALLOYS CONTROL OF RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESSING OF SOME INDUSTRIAL ALUMINIUM ALLOYS COMMERCIAL PURITY ALUMINIUM THE PRODUCTION OF ALUMINIUM BEVERAGE CANS (AA3XXX) AL–MG–SI AUTOMOTIVE SHEET (AA6XXX) TEXTURE CONTROL IN COLD ROLLED AND ANNEALED SHEET STEEL BACKGROUND BATCH ANNEALED, AL-KILLED, LOW CARBON FORMING STEELS ULTRA-LOW CARBON STEELS EXTRA LOW CARBON, HIGH STRENGTH STEELS RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN GRAIN ORIENTED, SILICON STEEL SHEETS PRODUCTION OF SILICON STEEL SHEETS THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GOSS TEXTURE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS COMMERCIAL SUPERPLASTIC ALUMINIUM ALLOYS SUPERPLASTICITY AND MICROSTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROSTRUCTURE BY STATIC RECRYSTALLIZATION DEVELOPMENT OF THE MICROSTRUCTURE BY DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION SUB-MICRON-GRAINED ALLOYS PROCESSING METHODS PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OR SMG ALLOYS COMPUTER MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF ANNEALING THE ROLE OF COMPUTER SIMULATION THE STATUS OF COMPUTER SIMULATION MICRO MODELS MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS CELLULAR AUTOMATA MOLECULAR DYNAMICS VERTEX SIMULATIONS COMPUTER AVRAMI MODELS NEURAL NETWORK MODELLING COUPLED MODELS THE ANNEALING OF ‘REAL’ MICROSTRUCTURES THE ANNEALING OF COMPUTER GENERATED DEFORMATION MICROSTRUCTURES MODELLING AN INDUSTRIAL THERMOMECHANICAL PROCESS