PHYSICS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE PLASMAS
1 Nature of Plasma 1 11 Introduction 1 12 Charge Neutrality and Landau Damping 3 13 Fusion Core Plasma 5 References 9 2 Orbit of Charged Particles in Various Magnetic Configuration 11 21 Orbit of Charged Particles 11 211 Cyclotron Motion 11 212 Drift Velocity of Guiding Center 12 213 Polarization Drift 16 214 Pondromotive Force 17 22 Scalar Potential and Vector Potential 19 23 Magnetic Mirror 21 24 Toroidal System 23 241 Magnetic Flux Function 23 242 Hamiltonian Equation of Motion 24 243 Particle Orbit in Axially Symmetric System 27 244 Drift of Guiding Center in Toroidal Field 28 245 Effect of Longitudinal Electric Field on Banana Orbit 32 246 Precession of Trapped Particle 33 247 Orbit of Guiding Center and Magnetic Surface 38 25 Coulomb Collision and Neutral Beam Injection 40 251 Coulomb Collision 40 252 Neutral Beam Injection 45 253 Resistivity, Runaway Electron, Dreicer Field 46 26 Variety of Time and Space Scales in Plasmas 47 References 49 3 Magnetohydrodynamics 51 31 Magnetohydrodynamic Equations for Two Fluids 51 32 Magnetohydrodynamic Equations for One Fluid 54 33 Simplified Magnetohydrodynamic Equations 56 34 Magnetoacoustic Wave 59 4 Equilibrium 63 41 Pressure Equilibrium 63 42 Grad–Shafranov Equilibrium Equation 65 43 Exact Solution of Grad–Shafranov Equation 67 44 Tokamak Equilibrium 70 45 Upper Limit of Beta Ratio 77 46 Pfirsch Schluter Current 78 47 Virial Theorem 81 References 83 5 Confinement of Plasma (Ideal Cases) 85 51 Collisional Diffusion (Classical Diffusion) 87 511 Magnetohydrodynamic Treatment 87 512 A Particle Model 90 52 Neoclassical Diffusion of Electrons in Tokamak 91 53 Bootstrap Current 93 References 96 6 Magnetohydrodynamic Instabilities 97 61 Interchange Instabilities 98 611 Interchange Instability 98 612 Stability Criterion for Interchange Instability 102 62 Formulation of Magnetohydrodynamic Instabilities 105 621 Linearization of Magnetohydrodynamic Equations 105 622 Rayleigh–Taylor (Interchange) Instability 109 63 Instabilities of Cylindrical Plasma with Sharp Boundary 110 64 Energy Principle 115 65 Instabilities of Diffuse Boundary Configurations 118 651 Energy Integral of Plasma with Diffuse Boundary 118 652 Suydam’s Criterion 123 653 Tokamak Configuration 124 66 Hain Lust Magnetohydrodynamic Equation 126 67 Ballooning Instability 128 68 ?i Mode Due to Density and Temperature Gradient 133 References 135 7 Resistive Instabilities 137 71 Tearing Instability 138 72 Neoclassical Tearing Mode 144 73 Resistive Drift Instability 151 74 Resistive Wall Mode 155 References 160 8 Boltzmann’s Equation 163 81 Phase Space and Distribution Function 163 82 Boltzmann’s Equation and Vlasov’s Equation 164 83 Fokker–Planck Collision Term 167 84 Quasi Linear Theory of Evolution in Distribution Function 171 References 173 9 Waves in Cold Plasmas 175 91 Dispersion Equation of Waves in Cold Plasma 176 92 Properties of Waves 180 921 Polarization and Particle Motion 180 922 Cutoff and Resonance 181 93 Waves in Two Components Plasma 182 94 Various Waves 185 941 Alfvén Wave 185 942 Ion Cyclotron Wave and Fast Wave 188 943 Lower Hybrid Resonance 189 944 Upper Hybrid Resonance 191 945 Electron Cyclotron Wave (Whistler Wave) 191 95 Conditions for Electrostatic Waves 193 References 194 10 Waves in Hot Plasmas 195 101 Landau Damping and Cyclotron Damping 195 1011 Landau Damping (Amplification) 195 1012 Transit-Time Damping 199 1013 Cyclotron Damping 200 102 Formulation of Dispersion Relation in Hot Plasma 202 103 Solution of Linearized Vlasov Equation 205 104 Dielectric Tensor of Hot Plasma 207 105 Dielectric Tensor of bi-Maxwellian Plasma 210 106 Plasma Dispersion Function 212 107 Dispersion Relation of Electrostatic Wave 215 108 Dispersion Relation of Electrostatic Wave in Inhomogeneous Plasma 217 109 Velocity Space Instabilities 222 1091 Drift Instability (Collisionless) 222 1092 Ion Temperature Gradient Instability 223 1093 Various Velocity Space Instabilities 223 References 223 11 Wave Heatings and Non-Inductive Current Drives 225 111 Energy Flow 226 112 Ray Tracing 230 113 Dielectric Tensor of Hot Plasma, Wave Absorption 232 114 Wave Heating in Ion Cyclotron Range of Frequency 237 115 Lower Hybrid Wave Heating 241 116 Electron Cyclotron Heating 244 117 Lower Hybrid Current Drive 247 118 Electron Cyclotron Current Drive 252 119 Neutral Beam Current Drive 254 References 258 12 Instabilities Driven by Energetic Particles 259 121 Fishbone Instability 259 1211 Formulation 259 1212 MHD Potential Energy 260 1213 Kinetic Integral of Hot Component 263 1214 Growth Rate of Fishbone Instability 266 122 Toroidal Alfven Eigenmode 269 1221 Toroidicity Induced Alfvén Eigenmode 269 1222 Instability of TAE Driven by Energetic Particles 274 1223 Various Alfvén Modes 282 References 283 13 Plasma Transport by Turbulence 285 131 Fluctuation Loss, Bohm, GyroBohm Diffusion 285 132 Loss by Magnetic Fluctuation 291 133 Dimensional Analysis of Transport 292 134 Analysis by Computer Simulations 298 1341 Gyrokinetic Particle Model 299 1342 Full Orbit Particle Model 303 135 Zonal Flow 307 1351 Hasegawa–Mima Equation for Drift Turbulence 307 1352 Generation of Zonal Flow 316 1353 Geodesic Acoustic Mode (GAM) 320 1354 Zonal Flow in ETG Turbulence 322 References 324 14 Development of Fusion Researches 327 References 335 15 Tokamak 337 151 Tokamak Devices 337 152 Stability of Equilibrium Plasma Position 341 153 MHD Stability and Density Limit 346 154 Beta Limit of Elongated Plasma 348 155 Impurity Control, Scrape-Off Layer and Divertor 351 156 Confinement Scaling of L Mode 357 157 H Mode and Improved Confinement Modes 359 158 Steady-State Operation 367 159 Design of ITER (International Tokamak Experimental Reactor) 370 1510 Trials to Innovative Tokamaks 382 15101 Spherical Tokamak 382 15102 Trials to Innovative Tokamak Reactors 384 References 385 16 Reversed Field Pinch 389 161 Reversed Field Pinch Configuration 389 162 Taylor’s Relaxation Theory 390 163 Relaxation Process 393 164 Confinement of RFP 397 References 401 17 Stellarator 403 171 Helical Field 403 172 Stellarator Devices 407 173 Neoclassical Diffusion in Helical Field 410 174 Confinement of Stellarator 414 175 Quasi-symmetric Stellarator System 417 176 Conceptual Design of Stellarator Reactor 420 References 421 18 Open End System 423 181 Confinement Times in Mirror and Cusp 423 182 Confinement Experiments with Mirrors 425 183 Instabilities in Mirror Systems 426 184 Tandem Mirrors 429 1841 Theory 429 1842 Experiments 432 References 437 19 Inertial Confinement 439 191 Pellet Gain 439 192 Implosion 444 193 MHD Instabilities 448 194 Fast Ignition 450 References 453