PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

By KENNETH WILLIAMS

CONTENTS I INTRODUCTION NATURE AND SCOPE OF PLANETARY SCIENCE GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE NUMBERS IN SCIENCE DIMENSIONS AND UNITS EXERCISES II ASTRONOMICAL PERSPECTIVE INTRODUCTION DISTANCE SCALES IN THE UNIVERSE THE BIG BANG LIMITATIONS ON BIG BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS GALAXY AND STAR FORMATION STRUCTURE AND CLASSI?CATION OF GALAXIES CLASSI?CATION OF STARS STELLAR EVOLUTION STAR CLUSTERS STELLAR ORIGINS OUTLINE OF STAR FORMATION STELLAR EXPLOSIONS AND NUCLEOSYNTHESIS NUCLEAR COSMOCHRONOLOGY III GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM INTRODUCTION THE SUN ORBITS OF THE PLANETS CHANGES IN ORBITAL MOTION PROPERTIES OF THE PLANETS MASS AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM DISTRIBUTION SATELLITES ASTEROIDS COMETS METEORS METEORITES COSMIC DUST COSMIC RAYS PLANETARY SCIENCE IN THE SPACE AGE SUMMARY IV THE SUN AND THE SOLAR NEBULA INTRODUCTION ENERGY PRODUCTION IN THE SUN ENERGY TRANSPORT IN THE SUN INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE SUN SURFACE OF THE SUN THE CHROMOSPHERE THE CORONA DISCOVERY OF THE SOLAR WIND RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION IN SPACE PLASMAS THE SOLAR WIND CHEMISTRY OF SOLAR MATERIAL IONIZATION DISSOCIATION AND MOLECULE FORMATION HYDROGEN AND THE RARE GASES OXYGEN, CARBON, AND NITROGEN MAGNESIUM AND SILICON IRON SULFUR ALUMINUM AND CALCIUM SODIUM AND POTASSIUM NICKEL AND COBALT PHOSPHORUS AND THE HALOGENS GEOCHEMICAL CLASSI?CATION OF THE ELEMENTS THE CHEMISTRY OF RAPID ACCRETION KINETIC INHIBITION MASS AND DENSITY OF THE SOLAR NEBULA THERMAL OPACITY IN THE SOLAR NEBULA DUST OPACITY THERMAL STRUCTURE OF THE NEBULA TURBULENCE AND DUST SEDIMENTATION ACCRETION OF ROCKS, PLANETESIMALS, AND PLANETS GAS CAPTURE FROM THE SOLAR NEBULA THE T TAURI PHASE THERMAL HISTORY OF THE EARLY SOLAR SYSTEM V THE MAJOR PLANETS INTRODUCTION INTERIORS OF JUPITER AND SATURN: DATA ISOTHERMAL INTERIOR MODELS OF JUPITER AND SATURN THERMAL MODELS OF JUPITER AND SATURN THE ATMOSPHERES OF JUPITER AND SATURN: OBSERVED COMPOSITION TROPOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE: THEORY CLOUD CONDENSATION IN THE NH3–H2O–H2S SYSTEM CLOUD PHYSICS ON THE JOVIAN PLANETS GALILEO PERSPECTIVES ON JOVIAN CLOUDS ION PRODUCTION IN THE JOVIAN ATMOSPHERE VISIBLE AND INFRARED RADIATIVE TRANSFER HORIZONTAL STRUCTURE AND ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND AERONOMY THE JOVIAN THERMOSPHERE RADIOPHYSICS AND MAGNETOSPHERES OF JUPITER AND SATURN THE INTERIORS OF URANUS AND NEPTUNE ATMOSPHERES OF URANUS AND NEPTUNE PERSPECTIVES VI PLUTO AND THE ICY SATELLITES OF THE OUTER PLANETS INTRODUCTION SURFACES OF ICY SATELLITES ECLIPSE RADIOMETRY SURFACE TEMPERATURES SURFACE MORPHOLOGY OF THE GALILEAN SATELLITES DENSITY AND COMPOSITION OF ICY SATELLITES INTERNAL THERMAL STRUCTURE OF GALILEAN SATELLITES DYNAMICAL INTERACTIONS OF THE GALILEAN SATELLITES THERMAL AND TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF ICY SATELLITES MINOR SATELLITES OF JUPITER PLANETARY RINGS TITAN THE INTERMEDIATE-SIZED SATURNIAN SATELLITES MINOR SATELLITES OF SATURN SATELLITES OF URANUS SATELLITES OF NEPTUNE THE PLUTO–CHARON SYSTEM THE NEPTUNE–PLUTO RESONANCE SPACECRAFT EXPLORATION VII COMETS AND METEORS HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES NATURE AND NOMENCLATURE OF COMETS COMETARY ORBITS HEATING BY PASSING STARS EVAPORATION AND NONGRAVITATIONAL FORCES THE NUCLEUS AND COMA OF P/HALLEY CHEMISTRY AND PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF WATER FURTHER CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN THE COMA AND TAIL BEHAVIOR OF SMALL PARTICLES DYNAMICAL BEHAVIOR OF DUST IN SPACE COMETARY FIREBALLS COMETARY IMPACTS ON JUPITER VIII METEORITES AND ASTEROIDS INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION TO METEORITES METEORITE ORBITS PHENOMENA OF FALL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METEORITES METEORITE MINERALS TAXONOMY AND COMPOSITION OF CHONDRITES METAMORPHIC GRADES OF CHONDRITES TAXONOMY AND COMPOSITION OF ACHONDRITES TAXONOMY AND COMPOSITION OF STONY-IRONS TAXONOMY AND COMPOSITION OF IRONS ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF METEORITES GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN METEORITE CLASSES INTRODUCTION TO ASTEROIDS ASTEROID ORBITS STABILITY OF TROJAN AND PLUTINO ORBITS SIZES, SHAPES, AND ALBEDOS OF ASTEROIDS MASSES AND DENSITIES OF ASTEROIDS PHOTOMETRY AND SPECTROSCOPY OF ASTEROIDS THERMAL EVOLUTION OF ASTEROIDS DYNAMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE ASTEROID BELT CENTAURS AND TRANS-NEPTUNIAN OBJECTS RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ASTEROIDS, METEORITES, AND COMETS RADAR OBSERVATIONS OF NEAR-EARTH ASTEROIDS ASTEROID RESOURCES IX THE AIRLESS ROCKY BODIES: IO, PHOBOS, DEIMOS, THE MOON, AND MERCURY INTRODUCTION ORBITS AND PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF PHOBOS AND DEIMOS IO: GENERAL PROPERTIES IO: SURFACE PROCESSES IO: INTERNAL ENERGY SOURCES IO: GEOLOGY IO: ATMOSPHERIC AND VOLCANIC GASES IO: ESCAPE AND THE PLASMA TORUS IO: GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS IMPACT CRATERING MOTIONS OF THE MOON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MOON ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF THE MOON’S SURFACE LUNAR ROCK TYPES LUNAR MINERALS LUNAR ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCE PATTERNS GEOLOGY OF THE MOON GEOPHYSICS OF THE MOON HISTORY OF THE EARTH–MOON SYSTEM ORIGIN AND INTERNAL EVOLUTION OF THE MOON SOLAR WIND INTERACTION WITH THE MOON AND MERCURY THE PLANET MERCURY MOTIONS OF MERCURY COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF MERCURY NONCRATER GEOLOGY OF MERCURY GEOPHYSICS OF MERCURY ATMOSPHERES OF MERCURY AND THE MOON POLAR DEPOSITS ON MERCURY AND THE MOON UN?NISHED BUSINESS X THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS: MARS, VENUS, AND EARTH INTRODUCTION MARS MOTIONS OF MARS DENSITY AND FIGURE OF MARS GEOPHYSICAL DATA ON MARS GRAVITY AND TECTONICS OF MARS GEOLOGY OF MARS SURFACE COMPOSITION VIKING LANDER INVESTIGATIONS THE SHERGOTTITE, NAKHLITE, AND CHASSIGNITE METEORITES ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION PHOTOCHEMICAL STABILITY AND ATMOSPHERIC ESCAPE EXPLOSIVE BLOWO? ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE ORGANIC MATTER AND THE ORIGIN OF LIFE VENUS MOTIONS AND DYNAMICS OF VENUS GEOPHYSICAL DATA ON VENUS GEOLOGY OF VENUS VENUS: ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE AND MOTIONS VENUS: ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION VENUS: ATMOSPHERE–LITHOSPHERE INTERACTIONS VENUS: PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND AERONOMY VENUS: ATMOSPHERIC ESCAPE VENUS: PLANETARY EVOLUTION EARTH EARTH: MOTIONS EARTH: INTERNAL STRUCTURE EARTH: MAGNETIC FIELD AND MAGNETOSPHERE EARTH: SURFACE GEOLOGY EARTH: EARLY GEOLOGICAL HISTORY EARTH: BIOLOGICAL HISTORY EARTH: GEOCHEMISTRY AND PETROLOGY WEATHERING IN THE ROCK CYCLE EARTH: ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND CYCLES RADIOCARBON DATING STABLE ISOTOPE CLIMATE RECORDS ESCAPE AND INFALL CLIMATE HISTORY, POLAR ICE, AND ICE AGES LIFE: ORIGINS LIFE: STABILITY OF THE BIOSPHERE XI PLANETS AND LIFE AROUND OTHER STARS CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PREREQUISITES OF LIFE THE PLANETARY ENVIRONMENT THE STELLAR ENVIRONMENT BROWN DWARFS THE SEARCH FOR PLANETS OF OTHER STARS THE SEARCH FOR EXTRATERRESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE XII FUTURE PROSPECTS MERCURY EARTH’S MOON JUPITER SATURN, URANUS, AND NEPTUNE PLUTO BEYOND THE SOLAR SYSTEM