CARBON NANOTUBES
CONTENTS FABRICATION OF TIO2 NANOTUBE ARRAYS BY ELECTROCHEMICAL ANODIZATION: FOUR SYNTHESIS GENERATIONS 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 1 THE ELECTROCHEMICAL ANODIZATION PROCESS 1 2 NANOTUBE ARRAY SYNTHESIS USING AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTES: THE FIRST GENERATION 1 2 1 HF-BASED ELECTROLYTES 1 2 2 TAPERED CONICAL SHAPE NANOTUBES 1 2 3 WALL THICKNESS VARIATION 1 2 4 USING HNO3/HF 1 2 5 USING H2SO4/HF 1 2 6 USING H2CR2O7/HF 1 2 7 USING CH3COOH/NH4F, H2SO4/NH4F 1 2 8 USING H3PO4/HF, H3PO4/NH4F 1 3 NANOTUBE ARRAY SYNTHESIS USING BUFFERED ELECTROLYTES: THE SECOND GENERATION 1 3 1 STEP-BY-STEP PROCEDURE: SOLUTION PREPARATION, MIXING AND PH ADJUSTMENT 1 3 2 SOLUTION SET PREPARATION 1 3 3 ANODIZATION WITH CONSTANT CURRENT DENSITY 1 4 SYNTHESIS OF NANOTUBE ARRAYS USING POLAR ORGANIC ELECTROLYTES: THE THIRD GENERATION 1 4 1 USING FORMAMIDE AND DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE ELECTROLYTE 1 4 2 DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE ELECTROLYTES 1 4 3 ETHYLENE GLYCOL ELECTROLYTES 1 4 4 DIETHYLENE GLYCOL ELECTROLYTES 1 4 5 USING GLYCEROL AND NH4F 1 4 6 METHANOL, WATER, AND HF 1 5 NANOTUBE ARRAY SYNTHESIS USING NON-FLUORIDE BASED ELECTROLYTES: THE FOURTH GENERATION 1 5 1 USING HCL 1 5 2 H2O2 AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTES 1 5 3 HCL/H2O2 AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTES 1 6 FABRICATION OF TRANSPARENT TIO2 NANOTUBES ARRAYS 1 7 MECHANISTIC MODEL OF NANOTUBE ARRAY FORMATION BY POTENTIOSTATIC ANODIZATION REFERENCES MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF TIO2 NANOTUBE ARRAYS: STRUCTURAL, ELEMENTAL, MECHANICAL, OPTICAL, AND ELECTRICAL 2 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 STRUCTURAL AND ELEMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION 2 2 1 ANODIC FORMATION OF CRYSTALLINE METAL OXIDE NANOTUBES 2 2 2 IMPROVED CRYSTALLIZATION VIA SOLVOTHERMAL TREATMENT 2 2 3 PARTIALLY CRYSTALLINE ANATASE PHASE NANOTUBES BY ANODIZATION 2 3 CHARACTERIZATION OF DOPED TITANIA NANOTUBES 2 3 1 CARBON INCORPORATION WITHIN THE NANOTUBES 2 3 2 NITROGEN INCORPORATION WITHIN THE NANOTUBES 2 3 3 BORON-DOPED NANOTUBES 2 3 4 ORGANIC BATH 2 3 5 CDS-COATED NANOTUBES 2 4 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF TITANIA NANOTUBES ARRAYS 2 4 1 FINITE DIFFERENCE TIME DOMAIN SIMULATION OF LIGHT PROPAGATION IN NANOTUBE ARRAYS 2 4 2 MEASURED OPTICAL PROPERTIES 2 4 3 ELLIPSOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS 2 4 4 RAMAN SPECTRA MEASUREMENTS 2 5 ELECTRICAL PROPERTY MEASUREMENTS 2 5 1 PHOTOCURRENT TRANSIENT MEASUREMENTS 2 5 2 CAPACITANCE MEASUREMENTS 2 6 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES TIO2 NANOTUBE ARRAYS: APPLICATION TO HYDROGEN SENSING 3 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 HIGH TEMPERATURE SENSORS USING TIO2 NANOTUBE ARRAYS 3 3 SELF-CLEANING ROOM-TEMPERATURE HYDROGEN SENSORS 3 4 ROOM-TEMPERATURE HYDROGEN SENSORS OF ENHANCED SENSITIVITY 3 4 1 TIO2 NANOTUBE ARRAYS ON TI FOIL 3 4 2 TRANSPARENT HYDROGEN SENSORS 3 5 EXTREME HYDROGEN GAS SENSITIVITIES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE NANOTUBE ARRAYS 3 6 1 CROSS INTERFERENCE AND CALIBRATION 3 6 2 TRANSCUTANEOUS HYDROGEN AND LACTOSE INTOLERANCE TIO2 NANOTUBE ARRAYS: APPLICATION TO PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL WATER SPLITTING 4 1 INTRODUCTION 4 2 PHOTOELECTROLYSIS CELL 4 2 1 WATER SPLITTING EF?CIENCY 4 2 2 QUANTUM EF?CIENCY CALCULATION 4 3 PHOTOELECTROLYSIS USING UNMODI?ED TIO2 NANOTUBES 4 3 1 SHORT NANOTUBES 4 3 2 MEDIUM LENGTH NANOTUBES 4 3 3 LONG NANOTUBES 4 3 4 ROUGHNESS FACTOR 4 3 5 EFFECT OF ELECTROLYTE ADDITIVES 4 4 PHOTOELECTROLYSIS USING ANIONIC AND CATIONIC DOPED TIO2 NANOTUBES 4 4 1 N-DOPED TIO2 NANOTUBES 4 4 2 CARBON DOPED TIO2 NANOTUBES 4 4 3 SULFUR-DOPED TIO2 NANOTUBES 4 4 4 BORON-DOPED TIO2 NANOTUBES 4 4 5 SILICON-DOPED TIO2 NANOTUBES 4 5 PHOTOELECTROLYSIS USING SURFACE-SENSITIZED TIO2 NANOTUBES 4 5 1 CDS SENSITIZED TIO2 NANOTUBES 4 5 2 CDSE SENSITIZED TIO2 NANOTUBES 4 5 3 CDTE SENSITIZED TIO2 NANOTUBE ARRAYS [137] 4 5 4 WO3 COATED TIO2 NANOTUBES 4 5 5 PT SENSITIZED TIO2 NANOTUBES 4 6 OTHER APPROACHES 4 6 1 POLYOXOPHOSPHOTUNGSTATE ENCAPSULATED IN TIO2 NANOTUBES 4 6 2 LIGHT SENSITIZED ENZYMATIC SYSTEM WITH TIO2 NANOTUBES 4 7 SELF-BIASED PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL DIODES USING CU-TI-O TERNARY OXIDE NANOTUBES 4 7 1 FABRICATION OF P-TYPE COPPER RICH CU-TI-O NANOTUBES 4 7 2 PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES 4 7 3 SELF-BIASED HETEROJUNCTION PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL DIODES 4 8 VISIBLE LIGHT RESPONSIVE TI-FE-O TERNARY OXIDE NANOTUBES 4 8 1 BENE?TS OF NANOSTRUCTURING HEMATITE 4 8 2 SELF-ALIGNED NANOPOROUS IRON (III) OXIDE 4 8 3 PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SELF–ALIGNED NANOPOROUS IRON (III) OXIDE 4 8 4 FABRICATION AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TI-FE-O NANOTUBES 4 8 5 PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TI–FE–O NANOTUBES 4 9 COMPOSITIONALLY GRADED TERNARY OXIDE NANOTUBE ARRAYS DYE-SENSITIZED AND BULK-HETEROJUNCTIONS SOLAR CELLS: TIO2 NANOTUBE ARRAYS AS A BASE MATERIAL 5 1 INTRODUCTION 5 2 DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS: OPERATING PRINCIPLES 5 2 1 KEY DSC PROCESSES 5 2 2 FACTORS IN?UENCING CONVERSION EF?CIENCIES 5 2 3 NANOCRYSTALLINE DSCS 5 3 SOLAR CELL PARAMETERS 5 4 J–V CHARACTERIZATION UNDER STANDARD CONDITIONS 5 4 1 CALIBRATING THE SOLAR SIMULATOR FOR DSC AND POLYMERIC SOLAR CELLS 5 4 2 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP NANOTUBE ARRAYS IN DSCS 5 5 1 FINITE DIFFERENCE TIME DOMAIN APPLICATION TO DSCS 5 6 LIQUID JUNCTION DSCS 5 6 1 TRANSPARENT TIO2 NANOTUBE ARRAYS ON FTO COATED GLASS: FRONT SIDE ILLUMINATION 5 6 2 TIO2 NANOTUBE ARRAYS ON TI FOIL: BACK SIDE ILLUMINATION 5 6 3 CHARGE COLLECTION PROPERTIES 5 6 4 ELECTRON TRANSPORT AND RECOMBINATION PROPERTIES 5 7 POLYMER BASED BULK HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS 5 7 1 TIO2 NANOTUBES ON FTO GLASS: POLYMERIC BULK HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS 5 7 2 SOLAR CELL FABRICATION AND PERFORMANCE 5 7 3 TIO2-POLYMER BASED SOLAR CELLS: BACK SIDE ILLUMINATION GEOMETRY USE OF TIO2 NANOTUBE ARRAYS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 6 1 INTRODUCTION 6 2 BIOSENSORS 6 2 1 H2O2 DETECTION: NANOTUBES CO-IMMOBILIZED WITH HRP AND THIONINE 6 2 2 CO-IMMOBILIZED WITH CYTOCHROME C 6 2 3 DETECTION OF H2O2 AND GLUCOSE 6 3 ENHANCED BLOOD CLOTTING 6 4 CELL ADHESION AND OSTEOBLAST GROWTH 6 5 DRUG ELUTION FROM TIO2 NANOTUBES 6 6 HYDROPHOBIC NANOTUBES: SAMS ON SURFACE ON HYDROPHILIC NANOTUBES NANOTUBULAR MEMBRANE 6 8 APPLICATION OF PHOTOCATALYTIC TIO2 NANOTUBE PROPERTIES CONCLUSIONS AND NEW DIRECTIONS 7 1 CONCLUSIONS 7 2 SOME FUTURE DIRECTIONS 7 2 1 INTERCALATION AND SUPERCAPACITORS 7 2 2 CO2 REDUCTION USING VISIBLE LIGHT