APPENDIX A: CONVERSION TABLES
CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION TO INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ENGINE CYCLES ENGINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS ENGINE CONFIGURATIONS EXAMPLES OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES ALTERNATIVE POWERTRAIN TECHNOLOGY FURTHER READING REFERENCES HOMEWORK 2 IDEAL GAS ENGINE CYCLES GAS CYCLE ENERGY ADDITION CONSTANT VOLUME ENERGY ADDITION CONSTANT PRESSURE ENERGY ADDITION LIMITED PRESSURE CYCLE MILLER CYCLE IDEAL FOUR-STROKE PROCESS AND RESIDUAL FRACTION FINITE ENERGY RELEASE 3 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF FUEL–AIR MIXTURES PROPERTIES OF IDEAL GAS MIXTURES LIQUID–VAPOR–GAS MIXTURES STOICHIOMETRY CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM LOW TEMPERATURE COMBUSTION MODELING CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM USING LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM USING EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS ISENTROPIC COMPRESSION AND EXPANSION CHEMICAL KINETICS 4 THERMODYNAMICS OF COMBUSTION FIRST-LAW ANALYSIS OF COMBUSTION SECOND-LAW ANALYSIS OF COMBUSTION FUEL–AIR OTTO CYCLE FOUR-STROKE FUEL–AIR OTTO CYCLE LIMITED-PRESSURE FUEL–AIR CYCLE TWO-ZONE FINITE-ENERGY RELEASE MODEL COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE FUEL–AIR MODEL COMPARISON OF FUEL–AIR CYCLES WITH ACTUAL SPARK AND COMPRESSION IGNITION CYCLES 5 INTAKE AND EXHAUST FLOW FLOW THROUGH INTAKE AND EXHAUST VALVES INTAKE AND EXHAUST MANIFOLD FLOW AIRFLOW IN TWO-STROKE ENGINES SUPERCHARGERS AND TURBOCHARGERS 6 FUEL AND AIR FLOW IN THE CYLINDER FUEL INJECTION – SPARK IGNITION FUEL INJECTION – COMPRESSION IGNITION FUEL SPRAYS GASEOUS FUEL INJECTION PRECHAMBERS CARBURETION LARGE-SCALE IN-CYLINDER FLOW IN-CYLINDER TURBULENCE 7 COMBUSTION PROCESSES IN ENGINES COMBUSTION IN SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES ABNORMAL COMBUSTION (KNOCK) IN SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES COMBUSTION IN COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES LOW TEMPERATURE COMBUSTION 8 EMISSIONS NITROGEN OXIDES CARBON MONOXIDE HYDROCARBONS PARTICULATES EMISSIONS REGULATION AND CONTROL 9 FUELS REFINING HYDROCARBON CHEMISTRY THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF FUEL MIXTURES GASOLINE FUELS ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES DIESEL FUELS 10 FRICTION AND LUBRICATION FRICTION COEFFICIENT ENGINE OILS FRICTION POWER AND MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE FRICTION MEASUREMENTS FRICTION SCALING PARAMETERS PISTON AND RING FRICTION JOURNAL BEARINGS VALVE TRAIN FRICTION ACCESSORY FRICTION PUMPING MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE OVERALL ENGINE FRICTION MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE 11 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER ENGINE COOLING SYSTEMS ENGINE ENERGY BALANCE HEAT TRANSFER MEASUREMENTS HEAT TRANSFER MODELING HEAT TRANSFER CORRELATIONS RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER HEAT TRANSFER IN THE EXHAUST SYSTEM MASS LOSS OR BLOWBY 12 ENGINE INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING INSTRUMENTATION COMBUSTION ANALYSIS EXHAUST GAS ANALYSIS CONTROL SYSTEMS IN ENGINES VEHICLE EMISSIONS TESTING 13 OVERALL ENGINE PERFORMANCE EFFECT OF ENGINE SIZE, BORE, AND STROKE EFFECT OF ENGINE SPEED EFFECT OF AIR–FUEL RATIO AND LOAD ENGINE PERFORMANCE MAPS EFFECT OF IGNITION AND INJECTION TIMING EFFECT OF COMPRESSION RATIO VEHICLE PERFORMANCE SIMULATION