INTRODUCTION TO LASER SPECTROSCOPY
CONTENTS 1 BASIC PHYSICS OF LASERS 11 SPONTANEOUS AND STIMULATED TRANSITIONS EINSTEIN COEFFICIENTS PROPERTIES OF STIMULATED RADIATION 12 LASER OPERATION BASICS 13 POPULATION INVERSION 14 AMPLIFICATION AND SATURATION 2 DISTRIBUTION OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD IN THE OPTICAL RESONATOR 21 LONGITUDINAL MODES 22 QUALITY FACTOR OF RESONATOR Q RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LINEWIDTH OF STIMULATED EMISSION AND RESONATOR QUALITY FACTOR 23 TRANSVERSE MODES 3 GENERATION OF ULTRASHORT LASER PULSES 31 MODELOCKING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LINEWIDTH OF STIMULATED EMISSION AND PULSE DURATION 32 METHODS OF MODELOCKING ACTIVE AND PASSIVE MODELOCKING 33 Q-SWITCHING 34 CAVITY DUMPING 4 LASERS 41 RUBY LASER 42 MOLECULAR GAS LASERS FROM THE INFRARED REGION 421 LASERS OPERATING ON ROTATIONAL TRANSITIONS 422 LASERS OPERATING ON VIBRATIONAL-ROTATIONAL TRANSITIONS: CO2 AND CO 43 CHEMICAL LASERS 44 SOLID-STATE LASERS 441 NEODYMIUM LASER AND OTHER RARE-EARTH LASERS 442 SOLID-STATE TUNABLE LASERS (VIBRONIC LASERS) 443 FIBER LASERS 45 GAS LASERS FOR THE VISIBLE RANGE 451 HELIUM–NEON LASER 452 ION–GAS LASERS ARGON AND KRYPTON LASERS 46 LIQUID DYE LASERS 47 GAS LASERS FOR THE ULTRAVIOLET RANGE 471 EXCIMER LASERS 472 NITROGEN LASER 48 DIODE LASERS 481 INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS DOPED SEMICONDUCTORS N-P JUNCTION 482 DIODE LASERS 5 NONLINEAR OPTICS 51 SECOND ORDER NONLINEAR PHENOMENA 52 PHASE MATCHING METHODS 53 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE SECOND HARMONIC GENERATION 531 SHG FOR PICO- AND FEMTOSECOND PULSES 54 PARAMETRIC OSCILLATOR 55 THE THIRD ORDER NONLINEAR PROCESSES 551 STIMULATED RAMAN SCATTERING 552 COHERENT ANTI-STOKES RAMAN SCATTERING (CARS) 553 THE OTHER TECHNIQUES OF NONLINEAR STIMULATED RAMAN SCATTERING 56 NONLINEAR DISPERSION PHENOMENA AFFECTING PICOSECOND AND FEMTOSECOND PULSE DURATION – GROUP VELOCITY DISPERSION (GVD) AND SELF PHASE MODULATION (SPM) 6 PULSE AMPLIFICATION 61 INTRODUCTION 62 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 63 DESIGN FEATURES OF AMPLIFIERS 64 REGENERATIVE AMPLIFIER 641 THE POCKELS CELL 65 CHIRPED PULSE AMPLIFICATION (CPA) 7 THE MEASUREMENT OF ULTRASHORT LASER PULSES 71 AUTOCORRELATION TECHNIQUES 72 FROG TECHNIQUES 8 SELECTED METHODS OF TIME-RESOLVED LASER SPECTROSCOPY 81 FLUORESCENCE DECAY 82 THE PUMP-PROBE METHOD 83 CARS AS A TIME-RESOLVED METHOD 84 PHOTON ECHO 841 SPIN ECHO IN NMR 842 OPTICAL RESONANCE 843 QUANTUM-CLASSICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PHOTON ECHO WEAK FIELD APPROXIMATION ROTATING-WAVE APPROXIMATION STRONG FIELD APPROXIMATION RABBI FREQUENCY 844 PRACTICAL ADVANTAGES OF PHOTON ECHO APPLICATIONS 85 QUANTUM BEATS 851 QUANTUM DESCRIPTION 852 EXAMPLES OF QUANTUM BEATS APPLICATIONS 9 ULTRAFAST CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROCESSES 91 FEMTOCHEMISTRY WAVE PACKET DYNAMICS THEORY 92 FEMTOCHEMISTRY SPECTROSCOPIC APPLICATION OF WAVE PACKET DYNAMICS 921 EXCITED-STATE VIBRATIONAL COHERENCE 922 VIBRATIONAL COHERENCE IN ‘‘REACTING’’ EXCITED-STATE MOLECULES BACTERIORHODOPSIN 923 H-BOND DYNAMICS 93 PHOTOISOMERIZATION 931 PHOTOISOMERIZATION OF CIS- AND TRANS-STILBENE 94 INTRAMOLECULAR CHARGE TRANSFER 95 MOLECULAR REORIENTATIONS 96 INVESTIGATION OF INTERMEDIATES 961 PHOTOREDUCTION 962 CARBENES 963 EXCITED-STATE PROTON TRANSFER 97 ULTRAFAST COHERENT SPECTROSCOPY VIBRATIONAL DYNAMICS 971 ENERGY RELAXATION T1, AND PHASE RELAXATION T2 98 DYNAMICS OF AN EXCESS ELECTRON SOLVATED ELECTRON 99 EXCESS ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY 10 LASERS IN MEDICINE 101 INTRODUCTION 102 PHOTOCHEMICAL INTERACTIONS 1021 PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY 1022 SENSITIZERS 1023 PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF SENSITIZERS 103 THERMAL INTERACTION 104 PHOTOABLATION 105 PLASMA-INDUCED ABLATION 106 APPLICATION OF LASERS IN MEDICINE 11 POTENTIAL HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH INAPPROPRIATE USE OF LASERS 111 RADIATION HAZARDS 1111 EYE HAZARDS 1112 SKIN HAZARD 112 OTHER HAZARDS 12 DETECTORS 121 DETECTORS TYPES AND DETECTORS CHARACTERIZING PARAMETERS 122 PHOTOEMISSIVE DETECTORS 123 SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS 124 MULTICHANNEL DETECTORS PDA AND CCD