INFRARED AND MILLIMETER WAVES
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 11 Single- and Multiple-Wavelength PA Spectroscopies 2 12 Scope 3 13 Other Sources of Information 4 CHAPTER 2 EVOLUTION OF PHOTOACOUSTIC INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY 7 21 Early History 8 22 Multiple-Wavelength PA Infrared Spectroscopy 11 23 Arrival of PA FTIR Spectroscopy 17 CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 27 31 PA Infrared Spectroscopy with Dispersive Spectrometers 27 32 Rapid-Scan PA FTIR Spectroscopy 30 33 Step-Scan PA FTIR Spectroscopy 32 34 Photothermal Beam Deflection Spectroscopy 34 35 Reverse Mirage Spectroscopy 37 36 Piezoelectric Detection 41 37 Optothermal Window Spectroscopy 47 CHAPTER 4 DEPTH PROFILING 55 41 Amplitude Modulation 58 42 Phase Modulation 62 43 Generalized Two-Dimensional Correlation 70 CHAPTER 5 NUMERICAL METHODS 81 51 Normalization of PA Infrared Spectra 81 52 Linearization of Spectra 89 53 Phase Analysis 93 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF PA INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY 101 61 Carbons 101 62 Coals 116 63 Hydrocarbons 126 64 Hydrocarbon Fuels 131 65 Corrosion 138 66 Clays and Clay Minerals 141 67 Wood and Paper 152 68 Polymers 160 69 Gases 165 610 Food Products 176 611 Biology and Biochemistry 187 612 Medical Applications 191 613 Carbonyl Compounds 199 614 Textiles 202 615 Catalysts 209 CHAPTER 7 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 235 71 Quantitation in PA Near-Infrared Spectroscopy 235 72 Quantitation in PA Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy 236 73 Quantitative Analysis at Higher Concentrations 241 CHAPTER 8 SPECIAL TOPICS 245 81 PA Infrared Microspectroscopy 245 82 Synchrotron PA Infrared Spectroscopy 249